Abstract
Elemental iron provides a viable strategy to improve the denitrification efficiency by expediting electron transport. However, the roles of magnetic iron powder (Fe3O4) on mixotrophic denitrification remains unknown. In this study, the intra/extracellular electron transfer (IET/EET) and microbial metabolism mechanisms were explored in a Fe3O4-mediated sulfide-autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification system. The results showed that Fe3O4 promoted the formation of dense clump structure with filamentous cross-linking in activated sludge. Fe3O4 could increase the coenzyme Q activity in IET and the content of free riboflavin and cytochrome c in EET. Metagenomic analysis indicated that denitrification, sulfide oxidation and sulfate reduction were the main pathways of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and the enriched denitrifying bacteria (Halomonas and Hypobacterium) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Marinicella) could stably support nitrate removal. This study expands our understanding of the IET/EET during Fe3O4-mediated mixotrophic denitrification process, providing a novel insight for nitrogen removal from marine recirculating aquaculture wastewater.
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