Intra- and interspecific variations on plant functional traits along a successional gradient in a Brazilian tropical dry forest

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine how plant functional traits change both at the intra- and interspecific levels along three successional stages (early, intermediate and late) in a Brazilian tropical dry forest (TDF). Plants in early-successional plots are expected to exhibit conservative traits to increase photoprotection and water conservation, whereas late successional plants would invest on acquisitive traits. Sampling was conducted in three plots of 50 × 20 m per successional stage, where plant species composition and structural parameters were previously determined for individuals with DBH ≥ 5 cm. From each of three plots, the five tree species with the highest importance values were selected. This resulted in a total of 13 species from seven families selected for this study. We quantified specific leaf area (SLA), leaf slenderness, polyphenols and chlorophyll contents, and leaf lifespan. Based on leaf traits, we detected two major tree functional species groups: the early-intermediate and the late successional groups. Confirming our expectations, the former was positively associated with drought tolerance traits (polyphenols and slenderness) related to conservative resource use; and the latter was positively associated with acquisitive traits (SLA). This pattern was partially corroborated at the intraspecific level for species that occurred in more than one successional stage. We found a weak phylogenetic signal for the functional grouping (only for polyphenols). The analysis of variance structure across scales indicated that a very small proportion (up to 2.8%) of the general variance in leaf traits occurred at intraspecific level suggesting that, compared to interspecific variations, trait differences among individuals due to phenotypic plasticity are low. Although further studies with a larger number of species are needed, our findings suggest a decoupling between functional and structural/species composition regeneration, contradicting several studies on secondary succession where species composition is regarded as the main indicator of the regeneration of ecological functions.