Into the Wild: Oryza Species as Sources for Enhanced Nutrient Accumulation and Metal Tolerance in Rice.

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world (Elert, 2014). However, rice grain production can be affected by nutritional status, depending on the cultivationmethod and soil type: high levels of metals such as aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) decrease plant growth and yield, especially in acidic soils (Ricachenevsky et al., 2010; Kochian et al., 2015), while low nutrient use efficiency leads to increased fertilization needs (Koutroubas and Ntanos, 2003). Rice grains, which are key staple food for more than half of the world’s population, can accumulate toxic elements such as arsenic (As), or show low concentration of key nutrients to human nutrition, such as Fe and zinc (Zn) (Sperotto et al., 2012; Ricachenevsky et al., 2015; Clemens and Ma, 2016). Thus, attempts to improve metal tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, and nutrient accumulation in grains are likely to have an impact on both agriculture and rice grains nutritional value for consumption. Cultivated rice (O. sativa) is part of the Oryza genus, which is composed of 23 species, including the cultivated African rice Oryza glaberrima, plus 21 wild relatives (Jacquemin et al., 2013). These species show 11 different genome types (AA, BB, CC, BBCC, CCDD, EE, FF, GG, KKLL, HHJJ, HHKK; Lu et al., 2009; Jacquemin et al., 2013; Atwell et al., 2014), and have a pan-tropical distribution, growing in a broad range of environments (Atwell et al., 2014). Since O. sativa was domesticated from a limited number of O. rufipogon genotypes, its closest wild relative, it is estimated that only 10–20% of the genetic diversity found in wild species is present in cultivated rice germplasm (Zhu et al., 2007; Palmgren et al., 2014). Although many efforts were made to find natural variation within the rice germplasm that could improve nutrition-related traits in cultivated rice, the narrow genetic diversity can be a limiting factor (Li et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2016). Considering the diversity of rice wild species and their distinct growing environments (Atwell et al., 2014), we can expect that they will be adapted to different nutrient availabilities. Thus, wild relatives are a potential source of interesting alleles or even new mechanisms of metal and metalloid accumulation control. However, these genetic resources are almost unexplored, with very few studies screening these species for interesting phenotypes, especially for metal-related traits.