Abstract
The mammalian intestine is the largest immune organ that contains the intestinal stem cells (ISC), differentiated epithelial cells (enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, tuft cells, etc.), and gut resident-immune cells (T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cell, etc.). Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by mucosa damage and inflammation, threatens the integrity of the intestine. The continuous renewal and repair of intestinal mucosal epithelium after injury depend on ISCs. Inflamed mucosa healing could be a new target for the improvement of clinical symptoms, disease recurrence, and resection-free survival in IBD treated patients. The knowledge about the connections between ISC and immune cells is expanding with the development of in vitro intestinal organoid culture and single-cell RNA sequencing technology. Recent findings implicate that immune cells such as T cells, ILCs, dendritic cells, and macrophages and cytokines secreted by these cells are critical in the regeneration of ISCs and intestinal epithelium. Transplantation of ISC to the inflamed mucosa may be a new therapeutic approach to reconstruct the epithelial barrier in IBD. Considering the links between ISC and immune cells, we predict that the integration of biological agents and ISC transplantation will revolutionize the future therapy of IBD patients.
Highlights
The mammalian intestinal tract is the main organ for nutrient digestion and absorption in the body
For the case of patients that do not respond to biological agents, transplantation of intestinal stem cells (ISC) to the inflamed mucosa may be a new therapeutic approach to reconstruct the epithelial barrier in Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Intestinal organoids derived from ISC provide promising models to investigate the close and complex interactions between immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells, especially the ISC
Summary
The mammalian intestinal tract is the main organ for nutrient digestion and absorption in the body. The intestinal epithelium mainly hosts T cells; whereas, the lamina propria contains both the innate and adaptive immune cells, including B cells, T cells, ILCs, dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils, ISCs and Immune Cells and mast cells [3] Both innate and adaptive immunities are linked to maintaining intestinal homeostasis. The primary epithelial cells are known to be absorptive enterocytes in the small intestine, the intestinal epithelium contains some secretory cell lineage, including Paneth cells that support the ISC niche and secrete antimicrobial peptides, mucus-producing goblet cells, various hormonesecreting enteroendocrine cells, and M cells and tuft cells [6] (Figure 1B). This review paper addressed the regulation of immune cells such as T cells, ILCs, dendritic cells, and macrophages on ISC fate and function within the scope of future therapeutic approaches in IBD
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