Abstract
The intestinal absorption of fatty acids, glucose and fructose is part of the basic requirements for the provision of energy in the body. High access of saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), glucose and fructose can facilitate the development of metabolic diseases, particularly the metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Research has been done to find substances which decelerate or inhibit intestinal resorption of these specific food components. Promising targets are the inhibition of intestinal long-chain fatty acid (FATP2, FATP4), glucose (SGLT1, GLUT2) and fructose (GLUT2, GLUT5) transporters by plant extracts and by pure substances. The largest part of active components in plant extracts belongs to the group of polyphenols. This review summarizes the knowledge about binding sites of named transporters and lists the plant extracts which were tested in Caco-2 cells regarding uptake inhibition.
Highlights
As many diseases are triggered by an unhealthy lifestyle, the metabolic syndrome, which is a preliminary stage of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is caused by overweight; obesity; tobacco consumption; physical inactiveness; and unhealthy nutrition, especially high levels of saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), glucose and fructose
Once unhealthy nutrition and lifestyle, including excessive uptake of sugars or saturated LCFAs, has wreaked damage and insulin resistance, the metabolic processes of glucose are restricted, which is leading to additional defects supporting the progression of the metabolic disease
The binding site for either ATP or adenylated intermediates supports the acceptance of the subsequent esterification. This vectorial acylation belongs to the transport process of LCFAs and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), either as an additional associated unit or as a bifunctional transport protein [62,65,73,77], which could be shown for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Desm.) Meyen, 1838 [78]
Summary
As many diseases are triggered by an unhealthy lifestyle, the metabolic syndrome, which is a preliminary stage of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is caused by overweight; obesity; tobacco consumption; physical inactiveness; and unhealthy nutrition, especially high levels of saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), glucose and fructose. The suppression or delay of the intestinal saturated LCFA, glucose and fructose absorption into the enterocytes represents a possible target Decelerating digestion of these food components can improve the health status of the patient and stop the deterioration of the disorder by avoiding high postprandial glucose, fructose and saturated. A 48% decrease of FATP4 protein level leads to a 40% reduction of LCFA uptake in isolated primary enterocytes of mice, whereas no change of lipid uptake has been detected in vivo This observation could be related to the large capacity of the small intestine regarding fat absorption [14].
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