Abstract
The gut microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining homeostasis. The presence of commensal microorganisms leads to the stimulation of the immune system and its maturation. In turn, dysbiosis with an impaired intestinal barrier leads to accelerated contact of microbiota with the host’s immune cells. Microbial structural parts, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flagellin (FLG), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce inflammation via activation of pattern recognition receptors. Microbial metabolites can also develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is the cause of many metabolic diseases. This article aims to systematize information on the influence of microbiota on chronic inflammation and the benefits of microbiota modification through dietary changes, prebiotics, and probiotic intake. Scientific research indicates that the modification of the microbiota in various disease states can reduce inflammation and improve the metabolic profile. However, since there is no pattern for a healthy microbiota, there is no optimal way to modify it. The methods of influencing microbiota should be adapted to the type of dysbiosis. Although there are studies on the microbiota and its effects on inflammation, this subject is still relatively unknown, and more research is needed in this area.
Highlights
Berg’s publication was intended to systematize the definition of the microbiome
Prebiotics must meet the following criteria: they must be resistant to gastric pH, they cannot be hydrolyzed by mammalian enzymes and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, they can be fermented by gut microbiota, and they must selectively stimulate the growth of intestinal bacteria
The results showed a reduction in the number of some bacteria (Helicobacter, Ruminiclostridium 9, Tyzzerella, Oscillibacter, Coprococcus 1, Lachnoclostridium, Desulfovibrio)
Summary
Berg’s publication was intended to systematize the definition of the microbiome. Based on many definitions, the authors proposed an extended one, in which the microbiome is presented as a combination of microbiota and their theater of activity. The microbiome includes the given environmental conditions All of these factors create a complex micro-ecosystem on which the health and well-being of the host largely depend [1]. The main purpose of the current study is to locate articles on a given topic and organize knowledge based on already existing publications. It was necessary to review published evidence to establish what is known about intestinal microbiota status, the mechanism of developing chronic inflammation, and the benefits of dietary modifications and pre/probiotic supplementation. For this purpose, the Pubmed and World Wide Science databases were searched. The exclusion criteria were articles published earlier than 2000 and articles written in a language other than Polish or English
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