Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a number of common autoimmune diseases have perturbations of their intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis). These include: Celiac Disease (CeD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Sjogren’s Syndrome (SS), and Type 1 diabetes (T1D). All of these have intestinal microbiomes that are different from healthy controls. There have been numerous studies using animal models of single probiotics (monoclonal) or mixtures of probiotics (polyclonal) and even complete microbiota transfer (fecal microbial transfer-FMT) to inhibit or delay the onset of autoimmune diseases such as the aforementioned common ones. However, proportionally, fewer clinical trials have utilized monoclonal therapies or FMT than polyclonal therapies for treating autoimmune diseases, even though bacterial mono-therapies do inhibit the development of autoimmune diseases and/or delay the onset of autoimmune diseases in rodent models of those autoimmune diseases. In this review then, we review the previously completed and currently ongoing clinical trials that are testing bacterial therapies (FMT, monoclonal, and polyclonal) to treat common autoimmune dseases and discuss the successes in using bacterial monotherapies to treat rodent models of these common autoimmune diseases.
Highlights
The definition of autoimmune disease first arose with Dr Paul Ehrlich, wherein he described the condition as “horror intoxicus” [1]
Medline Plus.gov has the definintion of autoimmunity as “when the body’s immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake”, and the website for the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA) has over 100 diseases listed as being autoimmune
This review will focus on these common autoimmune diseases, Bacterial Therapies for Autoimmune Diseases and those autoimmune diseases that have had clinical trials conducted to treat autoimmune patients with bacterial therapies as listed by clinicaltrials.gov
Summary
The definition of autoimmune disease first arose with Dr Paul Ehrlich, wherein he described the condition as “horror intoxicus” [1]. This review will focus on these common autoimmune diseases, Bacterial Therapies for Autoimmune Diseases and those autoimmune diseases that have had clinical trials conducted (or are being conducted) to treat autoimmune patients with bacterial therapies (fecal microbial transplantation and probiotic) as listed by clinicaltrials.gov This excludes Addison disease, dermatomyositis, Graves disease, Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Myasthenia gravis, Pernicious anemia, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In order to obtain insight into the effectiveness of the three main types of intestinal microbial treatments (complete, restricted mix, and monoclonal) used in treating autoimmune diseases, this review will systematically progress through each of the common autoimmune diseases that have had clinical trials conducted where probiotics (including FMTs) were given to autoimmune patients to treat their disease (CeD, MS, RA, SS, and T1D)
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