Abstract
In clinical practice, intestinal autologous diseases, ailments and organ transplants can cause severe congestive damage to the intestinal tract. However, after the etiological factor is gotten rid of and blood flow is free without any hinderance, further damage to the intestinal wall often occurs, causing other related organ dysfunctions. This ultimately results in intestinal congestion reperfusion injury (ICRI). When the structure and function of the intestine are destroyed, bacteria, metabolites and endotoxins in the intestinal tract perfuse and enter the portal vein through the already compromised intestinal mucosa, to the other organs via the liver. Nevertheless, this gives rise to further aggravation of the injury, and reperfusion injury syndrome occurs. ICRI is a very common complication encountered by clinicians, and its harm is more severe and serious as compared with that caused by ischemia–reperfusion. Quite a few number of studies on ICRI have been reported to date. The exact mechanism of the injury is still idiopathic, and effective treatment strategies are still limited. Based on recent studies, this article is aimed at reviewing the destruction, damage mechanisms resulting from ICRI to the intestinal anatomical sites and distant organs. It is geared towards providing new ideas for the prevention and therapeutic approaches of ICRI.
Highlights
Congestion is termed a passive process that occurs systematically and locally in different anatomical sites of the human body system
The intestinal sites are core organs for stress responses [1]. They are one of the most sensitive and most prone organs for congestion and intestinal congestion reperfusion injury (ICRI). Common clinical diseases such as liver transplantation, due to hepatic cellular carcinomas, portal vein occlusion, intestinal strangulation, intestinal malrotation and obstruction, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), necrotizing enterocolitis, and mesenteric vein thrombosis may result from ICRI progression [2,3,4,5]
Studies have found that compared with intestinal ischemia, intestinal congestion is more likely to cause severe tissue damage, and recovery is very slow
Summary
Congestion is termed a passive process that occurs systematically and locally in different anatomical sites of the human body system. The intestinal sites are core organs for stress responses [1]. As such, they are one of the most sensitive and most prone organs for congestion and intestinal congestion reperfusion injury (ICRI). Its degree heightens with increasing congestion time [6] This is because the hemodynamic changes of the two disease processes are different. Both ischemia and congestion cause tissue ischemia and hypoxia, there are additional tensional and metabolite accumulations in the capillaries of tissues and organs during congestion. When blood flow resumes reperfusion; congestion returns more slowly than ischemic blood flow, so the destruction caused by congestion to tissues is more severe than that given rise to by ischemia [7,8]
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