Abstract
The aim was to investigate the prevention of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on the subchronic immune injury induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the possible ameliorating effect of GSPE in mice. The subchronic AFB1-induced immune injury mice model was set up with the continuous administration of 100 μg/kg body weight (BW) AFB1 for six weeks by intragastric administration. Then, intervention with different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg BW) of GSPE was conducted on mice to analyze the changes of body weight, immune organ index, antioxidant capability of spleen, serum immunoglobulin content, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines. The prevention of GSPE on the immune injury induced by AFB1 was studied. The GSPE could relieve the AFB1-induced reduction of body weight gain and the atrophy of the immune organ. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the spleen in the AFB1 model group significantly increased, but levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly decreased. The GSPE could significantly inhibit the oxidative stress injury of the spleen induced by AFB1. AFB1 exposure could not significantly change the contents of IgA, IgG, or IgM. AFB1 significantly improved the expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ). Additionally, GSPE could decrease the expression of these four proinflammatory factors to different degrees and inhibit the inflammatory reaction of mice. The results suggest that GSPE alleviates AFB1-induced oxidative stress and significantly improves the immune injury of mice induced by AFB1.
Highlights
Aflatoxins are a group of secondary metabolites produced by strains of some Aspergillums species, mainly A. flavus and A. parasiticus
The degrees of the cell damage and lipid peroxidation can be measured by determining the content of MDA, since MDA are the main products of polyunsaturated lipid peroxidation [28]
The results showed that increased expressions of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) mRNA were observed in mice exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)
Summary
Aflatoxins are a group of secondary metabolites produced by strains of some Aspergillums species, mainly A. flavus and A. parasiticus. As oxidative stress plays a key role in the toxicity. 2 of 10 2 of 10 plays a key role in the toxicity mechanism of AFB1; some antioxidants might be useful in mpreecvheanntiisnmg oorf aAttFeBn1u;atthinegretfhoered, estormimeeanntatiloexfifdecatnstosfmchigrhotnbiceAuFsBef1utloixnicpitryevinenatninimg aolrs a[7tt,e8n].uating the detrimGeranptael esfefeecdtsporfocahnrtohnoiccyAanFBin1dtionxiecxittyrainctan(GimSPalEs)[7i,s8].derived from grape seeds. They have demoGnrsatpraetesdeeadmparrokaendthspoecyctarnuimndoinf beioxltoragcictal(,GpShPaEr)miascodloergiivceadl, tfhreormapeguratipc,easnededchs.emTophreoytehcativvee dpermopoenrstitersataegdaianmstaorxkyegdesnpferceteruramdiocfablsioalnodgiocxaild, pathivaremstarceosslo, gaincdalt,htehyeraalpsoeuhtaicv,eanshdocwhnemthoepraobtielicttyivteo pmroedpieartteiesanatgi-aiinnfslat moxmyagteonryfre[9e,1r0a]d.icMalasnaynddaotxaidhaatviveesshtorewsns, athnadt tthheey aablsiloityhaovfe GshSoPwEntothiemapbriolivtye taontmioexdidiaatnetadnetfi-einnsfleasmfomr aptroortyec[t9i,n1g0]t.hMe manayindoartgaahnafvuenschtioown,nsuthcaht atshepraebvielintytinogf GlivSePrEintojuirmy pinrotvhee acnartbiooxnidtaentrtadchelfoernidsees- fionrdupcreodtecatnindgisthcheemmaiain/reopregrafunsfiuonn-citnidonuc, esduc[h11a,s12p],reavlleenvtiiantignglivAerrsiennjuicr-yinidnutchede coaxribdoantivteetrarecphlroordiduec-tiivnedutocexdiciatnyd[i1s3c]h,emanida/rperpoetrefcutisniogn-tihnedurceendal[1f1u,1n2c]t,ioanllefvrioamtingCAisrpsleantiinc--iinndduucceedd onxeipdhartoivtoexriceiptyrod[1u4c]t.ivReetcoexnitcitsytu[d1i3e]s, ahnadvepraolstoectsinhgowthne trheantalGfSuPnEctihoans fraonmti-iCnfilsapmlamtinat-oinrdyuacendd nimepmhurontoodxuicliattyor[y14p]r.opeRreticeesn[t15s–t1u9d]i.es have shown that GSPE has anti-inflammatory and immuHnoowduevlaetro,riyt hparsopneorttbieese[n15cl–e1a9r].whether GSPE could reverse the inflammatory status induced by AFB1H. GSPE was able to counteract its negative effects was studied
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