Abstract
The movement of Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico began in 1994, succeeding in generating a change in Mexican society by valuing indigenous liberation practices. However, a state of emergency is instituted in Zapatista territories according to laws that grant amnesty and regulate the legal vacuum. Certain Mexican artists such as Erick Beltrán, Gabriel Kuri, Abraham Cruzvillegas and Pablo Kubli, contribute critical reflections with works sustained in the context of pure violence of the State. The theoretical framework is constrained by the theories of Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamin, Giorgio Agamben and Achille Mbembe, who contribute to the understanding of the state of exception that the State implements by modifying sovereignty and Human Rights. The method used in the article corresponds to the reception of literary texts. The artistic pieces that are integrated by Pablo Kubli represent the interdisciplinary contribution of the social sciences and the practice of art, with images, schemes and interventions that are argumentative reflections of the environment of globalized violence, and of social resistance to the paradigm of modification of autonomy in intervened regions. In addition, a comparative approach with states of emergency of globalized countries is proposed according to the events of September 11, 2001 in New York and March 11, 2004 in Madrid, among others. Starting from the Mexican experience and from global countries, the term of sovereignty is modified by the violence of the State over territories cut off by the permanence of the state of exception and restrictions on constitutional guarantees.
Highlights
The movement of Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico began in 1994, succeeding in generating a change in Mexican society by valuing indigenous liberation practices
Certain Mexican artists such as Erick Beltrán, Gabriel Kuri, Abraham Cruzvillegas and Pablo Kubli, contribute critical reflections with works sustained in the context of pure violence of the State
The theoretical framework is constrained by the theories of Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamin, Giorgio Agamben and Achille Mbembe, who contribute to the understanding of the state of exception that the State implements by modifying sovereignty and Human Rights
Summary
Es necesario incursionar en ciertos antecedes históricos jurídico-filosóficos que idearon el estado de excepción. El marco jurídico que desarrolló Schmitt sobre el estado de excepción alemán provocó confusión legal, ya que con normas mínimas que no emanaban del Poder legislativo constituido fue suficiente para concebir un nuevo Estado de derecho aplicable en tiempos de guerra. Benjamin no traduce la violencia pura con la implantación por decreto del ejecutivo que sustituye a la norma constitucional por la de excepción; así comenta, que “es reprobable toda violencia mítica, que funda el derecho y que se puede llamar dominante. Por la violencia del Estado desparecen los poderes constituidos generando una verdadera confusión que beneficia al gobernante en turno, con zonas de vacío jurídico; lo anterior se fundamenta en la tesis número ocho de Benjamin, por la que advierte, “la tradición de los oprimidos nos enseña entretanto que ‘el estado de emergencia’ en que vivimos, es la regla” De forma literal sería suficiente la determinación de Schmitt, sin embargo, en los hechos sucede lo contrario en la aplicación de la violencia pura por parte del Estado, siendo de manera permanente en las regiones cercadas por los estados nacionales
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