Abstract
Optimal scheduling of building microgrid could yield economical savings and reduce the pollutants emission, while ensuring the comfort level of users. A multi-objective optimal scheduling problem is studied for one kind of building microgrid-redundant residential microgrid (RR-microgrid). The radiant floor heating/cooling system widely utilized in residential buildings is treated as the virtual energy storage system (VESS) to dig up the considerable thermal storage capacity. Interval number is employed to describe the random fluctuation of uncertainty factors, such as renewable energy power, electric load, and weather conditions in the process of microgrid operation, while the exchange power with external grid and the output power of micro-gas turbines are, respectively, taken as the mean to smooth the electric power fluctuation, and two different optimization scheduling models which take the operating cost (OC), thermal comfort level (TCL), and pollutant emission (PE) as the optimization objectives are developed, and an improved non-dominate sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is proposed to search the Pareto front of the scheduling models. The case study for heating in winter is performed and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal scheduling method.
Highlights
In recent years, utilization technologies for renewable energy generation and energy efficiency improvement have been attracting more and more attention due to the growing concerns about energy and environmental issues all over the world
In order to satisfy the power balance requirements of the microgrid, in this paper, external grid and micro-gas turbines (MTs) respectively play the role to counteract the uncertainties of the electric power, that is, the power exchanged with external grid and the output electric power of MTs are scheduled as interval number respectively to smooth the electric power fluctuation
The decision vector of the outer optimization problem for scheduling Model II includes the power exchanged with external grid, the charging/discharging power of battery energy storage system (BESS), the electric power consumed by electric heaters (EHs) or the electric power consumed by electric chillers (ECs) for all scheduling periods θT, i.e.,{Ptgrid, PtSi, PtEH, PtEC | t ∈ θT}
Summary
Utilization technologies for renewable energy generation and energy efficiency improvement have been. According to (9) and (10), it is known that the radiant floor surface temperature Tg and the operative temperature Tz are converted to be interval numbers simultaneously: Tgt = Tgt , Tgt. In order to satisfy the power balance requirements of the microgrid, in this paper, external grid and MTs respectively play the role to counteract the uncertainties of the electric power, that is, the power exchanged with external grid and the output electric power of MTs are scheduled as interval number respectively to smooth the electric power fluctuation. 1) OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS Three optimization objectives operating cost (OC), thermal comfort level (TCL), and pollutant emission (PE) are considered in scheduling Model I. a: OPERATING COST OBJECTIVE The operating cost of the RR-microgrid includes: cost for natural gas, cost for charging/discharging of BESS, cost for power exchanged with external grid, and maintenance cost of renewable generation and devices. Aiming at a decision vector xs∗ input by the outer optimization problem, the inner optimization problem takes uncertain factors as the decision vector to determine the interval boundary of each objective function, the essence of which is to find the maximum value and minimum value for each objective function: fOIC(xs∗, c)
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