Interspecific variation in persistence of buried weed seeds follows trade‐offs among physiological, chemical, and physical seed defenses

Adam S Davis,Brian J Schutte,James W Dalling,Mark A Berhow,Xianhui Fu

doi:10.1002/ece3.2415

Abstract

Soil seedbanks drive infestations of annual weeds, yet weed management focuses largely on seedling mortality. As weed seedbanks increasingly become reservoirs of herbicide resistance, species‐specific seedbank management approaches will be essential to weed control. However, the development of seedbank management strategies can only develop from an understanding of how seed traits affect persistence.We quantified interspecific trade‐offs among physiological, chemical, and physical traits of weed seeds and their persistence in the soil seedbank in a common garden study. Seeds of 11 annual weed species were buried in Savoy, IL, from 2007 through 2012. Seedling recruitment was measured weekly and seed viability measured annually. Seed physiological (dormancy), chemical (phenolic compound diversity and concentration; invertebrate toxicity), and physical traits (seed coat mass, thickness, and rupture resistance) were measured.Seed half‐life in the soil (t 0.5) showed strong interspecific variation (F 10,30 = 15, p < .0001), ranging from 0.25 years (Bassia scoparia) to 2.22 years (Abutilon theophrasti). Modeling covariances among seed traits and seedbank persistence quantified support for two putative defense syndromes (physiological–chemical and physical–chemical) and highlighted the central role of seed dormancy in controlling seed persistence.A quantitative comparison between our results and other published work indicated that weed seed dormancy and seedbank persistence are linked across diverse environments and agroecosystems. Moreover, among seedbank‐forming early successional plant species, relative investment in chemical and physical seed defense varies with seedbank persistence. Synthesis and applications. Strong covariance among weed seed traits and persistence in the soil seedbank indicates potential for seedbank management practices tailored to specific weed species. In particular, species with high t 0.5 values tend to invest less in chemical defenses. This makes them highly vulnerable to physical harvest weed seed control strategies, with small amounts of damage resulting in their full decay.

Highlights

A large body of theory has been developed to advance our understanding of how aboveground plant life stages are defended, but little theory exists for the defense of seeds in the soil seedbank (Dalling, Davis, Schutte, & Arnold, 2011)
Rapid proliferation of herbicide-resistant genotypes (Powles & Yu, 2010), whose preferential survival allows them to contribute disproportionately to the replenishment of weed seedbanks, it is especially important to improve our understanding of intrinsic, seed-based regulation of weed seed survival so that we may develop better management strategies targeted at the ecology of individual weed species (Gibson et al, 2016; Long et al, 2015)
Experimental objectives were framed by the hypothesis that seedbank persistence covaries with seed traits of arable weeds, such that the balance of physiological, chemical, and physical seed defenses varies among weed species with different half- lives in the soil seed bank

Summary

| INTRODUCTION

A large body of theory has been developed to advance our understanding of how aboveground plant life stages are defended, but little theory exists for the defense of seeds in the soil seedbank (Dalling, Davis, Schutte, & Arnold, 2011). Experimental objectives were framed by the hypothesis that seedbank persistence covaries with seed traits of arable weeds, such that the balance of physiological, chemical, and physical seed defenses varies among weed species with different half- lives in the soil seed bank. Our experimental objectives were to (1) quantify long-term persistence of 11 seedbank annual weed species in a common environment, (2) characterize their physiological, chemical, and physical seed traits, and (3) relate findings of this study to previous work through a broad quantitative comparison. Quantitative comparisons of our results to other published work indicated that weed seed dormancy underlies seed persistence across a broad range of weed species and growing environments and that early successional species’ relative investment in chemical and physical seed defenses depends strongly on their level of persistence in the soil seedbank

| MATERIALS AND METHODS

| DISCUSSION

Findings

DATA ACCESSIBILITY