Interspecies Variability of Plant Hormesis by the Antiauxin PCIB in a Laboratory Bioassay

Abstract

Chemical hormesis constitutes an alternative possible use of herbicidal agents for crop enhancement that is, however, compromised by the apparent variability of this low-dose stimulation phenomenon. Studies demonstrating the variability are rare and, therefore, this study investigated the interspecies variability of growth stimulation induced by the auxin-inhibitor PCIB [2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid] to determine if hormesis is generalizable enough and sufficiently stable between species/cultivars for practical use or which implications may have to be taken into account. In 85 complete dose–response bioassays with 23 cultivars of five species, the variability of PCIB effects was evaluated. The expression of PCIB hormesis proved to depend on the species/cultivar tested, ranging from a cultivar-dependent hormetic efficacy and an occasional lack of hormesis, to a complete lack of hormetic effectiveness in certain species/cultivars. Therefore, frequency estimations, as well as the pattern of dose-dependent variability of dose–response quantities, may inevitably depend on the biological model(s) used and, thus, apply only to the specific conditions for characterization. Comparing the frequency distribution of effective doses demonstrated a risk of a previously hormetic dose causing a loss of hormesis or inhibitory effects in another species/cultivar. Therefore, selecting a dose that will induce hormesis in every species/cultivar is unrealistic. This may limit the window for practical applications to stimulants with negligible varietal differences, to cultivar selective treatments, and/or to cultivars that enable a beneficial long-term use. Hence, efficient crop enhancement by chemical hormesis needs not only a good stimulant, but also a species/cultivar able to convert a specific low-dose treatment into an economic benefit.