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Abstract
Background: Oral microbiota has been linked to both health and diseases. Specifically, tongue-coating microbiota has been implicated in aspiration pneumonia and halitosis. Approaches altering one's oral microbiota have the potential to improve oral health and prevent diseases. Methods: Here, we designed a study that allows simultaneous monitoring of the salivary and tongue microbiomes during an intervention on the oral microbiota. We applied this study design to evaluate the effect of single-day use of oral care tablets on the oral microbiome of 10 healthy individuals. Tablets with or without actinidin, a protease that reduces biofilm formation in vitro, were tested. Results: Alpha diversity of the tongue microbiome was significantly lower than that of the salivary microbiome, using both the number of observed amplicon sequence variants (254 ± 53 in saliva and 175 ± 37 in tongue; P = 8.9e-7, Kruskal-Wallis test) and Shannon index (6.0 ± 0.4 in saliva and 5.4 ± 0.3 in tongue; P = 2.0e-7, Kruskal-Wallis test). Fusobacterium periodonticum, Saccharibacteria sp. 352, Streptococcus oralis subsp . dentisani, Prevotella melaninogenica, Granulicatella adiacens, Campylobacter concisus, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were the core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) common to both sites. The salivary and tongue microbiomes of one individual tended to be more similar to one another than to those of other individuals. The tablets did not affect the alpha or beta diversity of the oral microbiome, nor the abundance of specific bacterial species. Conclusions: While the salivary and tongue microbiomes differed significantly in terms of bacterial composition, they showed inter- rather than intra-individual diversity. A one-day usage of oral care tablets did not alter the salivary or tongue microbiomes of healthy adults. Whether the use of oral tablets for a longer period on healthy people or people with greater tongue coating accumulation shifts their oral microbiome needs to be investigated.
Highlights
Oral microbiota is a collection of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity
We examined the effect of oral care tablet use, with or without actinidin, on the salivary and tongue microbiomes
We showed that whereas there are some differences between the tongue and salivary microbiomes, the microbiomes were not affected by the oral tablet use, regardless of the tablet type
Summary
1. Takuichi Sato, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata, Japan. 2. Rohit Kunnath Menon , International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3. Priya Nimish Deo, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India. Any reports and responses or comments on the article can be found at the end of the article. In this revised version, several sections have been revised for clarity based on suggestions from the reviewers. In the Results section of the abstract, the values of alpha diversity and the names of the core OTUs are listed. Any further responses from the reviewers can be found at the end of the article to the knowledge of the interpersonal diversity and dynamics of the oral microbiota in humans
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