Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently accompanied by affective disorders with a prevalence of comorbid depression of around 25%. Nevertheless, the biomarkers of affective symptoms including depression and anxiety due to T2DM are not well established. The present study delineated the effects of serum levels of copper, zinc, β-arrestin-1, FBXW7, lactosylceramide (LacCer), serotonin, calcium, magnesium on severity of depression and anxiety in 58 men with T2DM and 30 healthy male controls beyond the effects of insulin resistance (IR) and atherogenicity. Severity of affective symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety rating scales. We found that 61.7% of the variance in affective symptoms was explained by the multivariate regression on copper, β-arrestin-1, calcium, and IR coupled with atherogenicity. Copper and LacCer (positive) and calcium and BXW7 (inverse) had significant specific indirect effects on affective symptoms, which were mediated by IR and atherogenicity. Copper, β-arrestin-1, and calcium were associated with affective symptoms above and beyond the effects of IR and atherogenicity. T2DM and affective symptoms share common pathways, namely increased atherogenicity, IR, copper, and β-arrestin-1, and lowered calcium, whereas copper, β-arrestin-1, calcium, LacCer, and FBXW7 may modulate depression and anxiety symptoms by affecting T2DM.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health issue with an increasing epidemic worldwide, accounting for 11.3 percent of all deaths [1]
There were no significant differences in age, BMI, education, residency, marital status, and employment among these three groups
FBG, insulin, IRI, and zAIP were significantly different between the three study groups and their values increased from normal IRI -> medium IRI -> high IRI
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health issue with an increasing epidemic worldwide, accounting for 11.3 percent of all deaths [1]. There is a significant comorbidity between mood disorders including major depressive and bipolar disorder and T2DM and MetS-associated features, including atherogenicity and IR [6,7,8,9,10,11]. According to the WHO (2017), T2DM is frequently accompanied by mood disorders and a systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of depression in T2DM is around 25% [12]. A meta-analysis reported that depression is associated with a significant elevated risk of T2DM and that the latter is associated with a slightly increased risk of depression [14], indicating that there are bidirectional relationships between T2DM and mood disorders. Mood disorders are more strongly associated with atherogenicity indices than with IR [10]
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