Interrater agreement between children’s self-reported and their mothers’ proxy-reported dental anxiety: a Chinese cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundChildren's dental anxiety is common in dental clinics. This study aimed to determine the interrater agreement between children’s self-reported and their mothers’ proxy-reported dental anxiety and its affecting factors.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study performed in a dental clinic, primary school students and their mothers were assessed for enrollment eligibility. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale plus Facial Image Scale (MDAS-FIS) was employed to test both the children’s self-reported and their mothers’ proxy-reported dental anxiety independently. The interrater agreement was analyzed using percentage agreement and the linear weighted kappa (k) coefficient. Factors affecting children’s dental anxiety were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsOne hundred children and their mothers were enrolled. The median ages of the children and mothers were 8.5 and 40.0 years old, respectively, and 38.0% (38/100) of the children were female. The scores of children’s self-reported dental anxiety were significantly higher than their mothers' proxy-reported dental anxiety (MDAS-Questions 1–5, all p < 0.05); moreover, there was no agreement between the two groups in terms of all anxiety hierarchies (kappa coefficient = 0.028, p = 0.593). In the univariate model, a total of seven factors (age, gender, maternal anxiety, number of dental visits, mother’s presence or absence, oral health status, and having siblings or not) were involved for analysis, and age [every 1-year increase, odds ratio (OR) = 0.661, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.514–0.850, p = 0.001], several dental visits (every 1 visit increase, OR = 0.409, 95% CI = 0.190–0.880, p = 0.022), and mother presence (OR = 0.286, 95% CI = 0.114–0.714, p = 0.007) were affecting factors. In the multivariate model, only age (every 1 year increase) and maternal presence were associated with 0.697-fold (95% CI = 0.535–0.908, p = 0.007) and 0.362-fold (95% CI = 0.135–0.967, p = 0.043) decreases in the risk of children’s dental anxiety during dental visits and treatment, respectively.ConclusionThere was no significant agreement between elementary school students’ self-reported dental anxiety and mothers’ proxy ratings of children’s dental anxiety, which suggests that self-reported dental anxiety by children should be encouraged and adopted, and the mother’s presence during dental visits is strongly recommended.