Abstract
Background: A false interpretation of homozygosity for pathogenic variants causing autosomal recessive disorders can lead to improper genetic counseling. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the underlying etiologies of presumed homozygous disease-causing variants harbored in six unrelated children with five different genetic renal diseases when the same variant was identified in a heterozygous state in only one of the two parents from each family using direct sequencing.Methods: Peripheral blood genomic DNA samples were extracted. Six short tandem repeats were used to verify the biological relationships between the probands and their parents. Quantitative PCR was performed to detect mutant exons with deletions. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and genotyping with polymorphic microsatellite markers were performed to identify uniparental disomy (UPD).Results: Each proband and his/her parents had biological relationships. Patients 2, 4, and 6 were characterized by large deletions encompassing a missense/small deletion in DGKE, NPHP1, and NPHS1, respectively. Patients 1 and 5 were caused by segmental UPD in NPHS2 and SMARCAL1, respectively. In patient 6, maternal UPD, mosaicism in paternal sperm or de novo variant in NPHP1 could not be ruled out.Conclusions: When a variant analysis report shows that a patient of non-consanguineous parents has a pathogenic presumed homozygous variant, we should remember the need to assess real homozygosity for the variant, and a segregation analysis of the variants within the parental DNAs and comprehensive molecular tests to evaluate the potential molecular etiologies, such as a point variant and an overlapping exon deletion, UPD, germline mosaicism and de novo variant, are crucial.
Highlights
The routine clinical use of advanced genomic technologies has proven useful in the diagnosis of hereditary kidney diseases
Over the past 20 years, our division has developed a cohort of 850 patients with a genetic diagnosis of kidney disease that was detected by direct sequencing or generation sequencing (NGS)
Since patient 1 was clinically diagnosed with Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, his entire coding exons of SMARCAL1 were analyzed by using conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing, and the genetic etiologies of patients 2–6 were analyzed by using targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) panel or whole exome sequencing
Summary
The routine clinical use of advanced genomic technologies has proven useful in the diagnosis of hereditary kidney diseases. Identifying the mode of inheritance is necessary for genetic counseling and the analysis of recurrence risk. It had been reported that autosomal recessive inheritance, which is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the alleles of homologous chromosomes, was most common among monogenic kidney diseases [2]. A false interpretation of homozygosity for pathogenic variants causing autosomal recessive disorders can lead to improper genetic counseling. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the underlying etiologies of presumed homozygous disease-causing variants harbored in six unrelated children with five different genetic renal diseases when the same variant was identified in a heterozygous state in only one of the two parents from each family using direct sequencing
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