Interpretable prediction of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenic chemicals

Abstract

Abstract The assessment of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity of chemicals relies on time-consuming rodent bioassays. The development of alternative methods for non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity could help the identification of potential hepatocarcinogenic chemicals. This study evaluated four types of features for the interpretable prediction of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenic chemicals including chemical–chemical interactions (CCI), chemical–protein interactions (CPI), chemical descriptors (QSAR) and gene expression profiles (TGx). Based on the results of decision tree classifiers, the CPI-based features perform best with independent test accuracies of 90% and 86% for interaction scores from combined scores and databases, respectively. Informative features were identified and analyzed to give insights into the non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity of chemicals. The difference between CPI scores and gene expression profiles for the identified important proteins shows that CPI could play more important roles in non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity.