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Abstract
Regulation of transcription involves dynamic rearrangements of chromatin structure. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a variety of highly conserved factors necessary for these reconstructions. Chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers and histone chaperones directly associate to promoters and open reading frames of exposed genes and facilitate activation and repression of transcription. We compare two distinct patterns of induced transcription: Sustained transcribed genes switch to an activated state where they remain as long as the induction signal is present. In contrast, single pulsed transcribed genes show a quick and strong induction pulse resulting in high transcript levels followed by adaptation and repression to basal levels. We discuss intensively studied promoters and coding regions from both groups for their co-factor requirements during transcription. Interplay between chromatin restructuring factors and dynamic transcription is highly variable and locus dependent.
Highlights
Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with histone octamers, which are composed of dimers of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. 147 bp of DNA are wrapped 1.65 times around each octamer forming nucleosomes, the basic packaging units of chromatin [1]
Genome wide mappings of nucleosomes in S. cerevisiae revealed that many genes show highly positioned nucleosomes flanking a nucleosome depleted region (NDR) upstream of transcriptional start sites and downstream of stop codons [2]
Activation and repression of induced genes are influenced by chromatin restructuring factors
Summary
Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with histone octamers, which are composed of dimers of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. 147 bp of DNA are wrapped 1.65 times around each octamer forming nucleosomes, the basic packaging units of chromatin [1]. Induced sustained transcription patterns switch expression of repressed genes more or less rapidly to an induced state and occur frequently during changes of metabolic programs (Figure 1A). Induced single pulse responses occur when cells encounter environmental stress such as high external osmolarity or heat shock. In these situations, transcripts are rapidly induced followed by adaptation and reduction to basal levels (Figure 1B) [6]. In this review we focus primarily on the role of chromatin for regulation on the level of transcriptional initiation and elongation of single pulsed regulated and sustained induced genes in yeast
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