Abstract
Based on the Lindblad master equation approach we obtain a detailed microscopic model of photons in a dye-filled cavity, which features condensation of light. To this end we generalise a recent non-equilibrium approach of Kirton and Keeling such that the dye-mediated contribution to the photon–photon interaction in the light condensate is accessible due to an interplay of coherent and dissipative dynamics. We describe the steady-state properties of the system by analysing the resulting equations of motion of both photonic and matter degrees of freedom. In particular, we discuss the existence of two limiting cases for steady states: photon Bose–Einstein condensate and laser-like. In the former case, we determine the corresponding dimensionless photon–photon interaction strength by relying on realistic experimental data and find a good agreement with previous theoretical estimates. Furthermore, we investigate how the dimensionless interaction strength depends on the respective system parameters.
Highlights
Within the last decades open dissipative many-body quantum systems have emerged as a promising research direction for both basic research and applications
The multiple absorption and emission events between the cavity photons and the dye molecules lead to a thermalisation of the light [8], so the resulting photon Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) emerges from an equilibrium phase transition [9,10,11]
One can clearly distinguish the coherent and the dissipative influence of the oscillator bath. The former one comes from the two-level systems (TLS)-cavity coupling of the reduced strength gb — in a typical laser-like fashion, while the latter one is realised through the terms containing gm, which were shown to lead to thermalisation of light and emergence of photon BEC [38, 39]
Summary
Any further distribution of Based on the Lindblad master equation approach we obtain a detailed microscopic model of photons this work must maintain in a dye-filled cavity, which features condensation of light. To this end we generalise a recent nonattribution to the author(s) and the title of equilibrium approach of Kirton and Keeling such that the dye-mediated contribution to the photon–. We discuss the existence of two limiting cases for steady states: photon Bose–Einstein condensate and laser-like In the former case, we determine the corresponding dimensionless photon–photon interaction strength by relying on realistic experimental data and find a good agreement with previous theoretical estimates.
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