Interplay of Chronic Diseases, Disability, and Depression Among Saudi Arabian Patients: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Abstract

Chronic diseases are a leading cause of disability and mental health issues globally, with significant implications for healthcare systems and patient well-being. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of chronic conditions is rising, but the comprehensive interplay between chronic diseases, disability, and depression remains underexplored. This study aims to examine the relationships between chronic diseases, disability, and depression among Saudi Arabian patients, providing insights that can inform healthcare policies and interventions to improve patient outcomes. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from March to May 2024. The study included 381 patients with one or more chronic diseases. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires that assessed the number of chronic diseases, level of disability (measured using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule), and depression (assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9). Regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors contributing to depression and to establish the correlation between chronic diseases, disability, and depression. The analysis revealed a direct association between the number of chronic diseases and the level of disability experienced by the participants (P < 0.01). Patients with multiple chronic conditions (P = 0.000; Beta = 0.456; 95% confidence interval = 0.272-0.422) reported higher levels of disability, significantly impacting their daily functioning. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of chronic illnesses and the severity of disability (P < 0.01). Additionally, our study identified a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between increased depression and higher levels of disability among participants. Patients with higher disability scores exhibited more severe depressive symptoms, indicating a compounded effect on mental health. This study provides critical insights into the significant impact of chronic diseases on disability and mental health among Saudi Arabian patients. The findings highlight the compounded challenges faced by patients with multiple chronic conditions and underscore the intertwined nature of physical and mental health. Addressing the complex interplay of sociodemographic and health-related factors can enable healthcare systems to better meet the needs of this vulnerable population, ultimately improving their quality of life and health outcomes.