Abstract
Several time synchronous ad hoc networks may operate in the same geographical area. Although network time synchronization within an individual network has been widely discussed, internetwork time synchronization relying on time sources the networks carry has not been addressed. Therefore, this paper proposes an internetwork time synchronization procedure that allows to use one network as a time source and share its time, like a global navigation satellite system time, to other networks. The internetwork time synchronization procedure runs in gateway nodes that could be a member in several networks, and it collaborates with the individual network time synchronization algorithms that operate at the network level. Consequently, the paper proposes a generic, robust hybrid network time synchronization protocol and analyses its performance using a sensible metric called a mutual consensus. It is shown that the common time is achieved with a limited variance in the networks that operate in the master-slave, distributed or hybrid mode. Provided numerical examples illustrate the behavior of the algorithm and confirm the theoretical findings.
Highlights
T IME synchronous ad hoc networks have various usage including mobile, vehicular and ship ad hoc networks (MANET, VANET and SANET, respectively) but ideas are used in wireless sensor networks
The common time should be achieved in the shortest possible time, have required accuracy derived from the requirements, and the time distribution mechanism should be flexible, adaptable, scalable, resilient and allow dynamicity. It should use communications resources as little as possible, i.e., minimize the required control traffic. With these goals in mind, this paper introduces an internetwork time synchronization procedure that utilizes nodes that could be members in several networks and use the time sources available in the involved networks
In the individual network level, this paper proposes an enhanced hybrid network time synchronization (NTS) procedure that is able to use external time source as a master
Summary
T IME synchronous ad hoc networks have various usage including mobile, vehicular and ship ad hoc networks (MANET, VANET and SANET, respectively) but ideas are used in wireless sensor networks. Saarnisaari et al.: Internetwork Time Synchronization of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks propagation delay can be compensated or not The former requires two-way messaging or known node positions whereas the latter usually applies one-way messaging. In the individual network level, this paper proposes an enhanced hybrid NTS procedure that is able to use external time source as a master. This part is an extension of our early work [13]. MULTIPLE NETWORKS Different networks can be connected via network gateway nodes that host an extended NTS (ENTS) protocol that manages internetwork synchronization This protocol will be described in this paper. If propagation delays play a remarkable role in the requirement budget, they should be compensated in the master-slave or hybrid systems
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