Abstract
Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking.
Highlights
The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility; (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class
Our result in Wargabinangun Village (West Java) showed that (a) migrants were from lower social class, landless, farm worker families, families with economics constraints, and before 1960s and 1970s have sold their land to landlord in the village; (b) those who became migrants were able to improve their livelihood and at several cases have reached upper social class, and most of them were able to reach middle class category
Our result shows that (a) migrants were from lower social class, landless, farm worker families, families with economics constraints, and before 1960s and 1970s have sold their land to landlord in the village; (b) those who became migrants were able to improve their livelihood and at several cases have reached upper social class, and most of them were able to reach middle class category
Summary
Poverty drives many Indonesians to migrate (permanent and non-permanently, internally or externally). Indonesian (unequal) development program added more reasons to migrate for Indonesian people (Wahyuni, 2000). Indonesian population census in 2010 recorded that 5 396 419 people or equal to 2.5 percent of total population are cross-provincial recent entry migrants. The number of internal migrants is higher than international migrants. The data shows that recent and international migrants is increasing over time. Total number of international migrants until 2012 is 2.998.592 people, spread across the world, i.e.; Saudi Arabia (1.427.928), Malaysia (1.049.325), Taiwan (381.588), Singapore (228.875), United Arab Emirates (220.820), Hong Kong (214.476), Kuwait (106.594), and other countries. Total number of international migrants until 2012 is 2.998.592 people, spread across the world, i.e.; Saudi Arabia (1.427.928), Malaysia (1.049.325), Taiwan (381.588), Singapore (228.875), United Arab Emirates (220.820), Hong Kong (214.476), Kuwait (106.594), and other countries. (Note 1)
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