Abstract
The purpose of the article is to study problems of international legal regulation and supranational cooperation in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The institutional and international legal mechanism of counteraction to the spread of the pandemic is analyzed. The problem moments of realization of provisions of the main international acts in the area of counteraction to the Coronavirus disease by the national governments are marked out. The methodological basis for the article is general and special methods and techniques of scientific knowledge, in particular: formal-logical, Aristotelian method, method of documentary, system-structured method, formal and legal method, forecasting method, method of generalization. The key problems of international legal counteraction to the pandemic spread are as follows: advisory (not obligatory) character of the majority of international legal acts related to the fight against COVID-19; disinterest of the states in timely informing WHO about the outbreaks of infectious diseases; arbitrary interpretation of the international acts by national governments; human rights restrictions on the movement imposed by the states; lack of a clear funding mechanism to build the necessary global and national infrastructure to ensure commitment in accordance with the International Health Regulations.
Highlights
Walking is the most sustainable form of transportation
This analysis presents that these three themes received much attention from the literature, which demonstrates that the importance of these three themes to be examined in walkability and built environment research
Among the major problems of the international legal response to the spread of the pandemic are: the recommendatory nature of most international legal acts related to the fight against COVID-19; the lack of interest of states in informing World Health Organization (WHO) in time about the outbreak of infectious diseases for fear of losing economic benefits; arbitrary interpretation of the provisions of international acts by national governments, threatening to limit and violate human rights; restrictions on human rights of movement imposed by states were not based on scientific evidence or WHO guidance; lack of a clear funding mechanism that would allow the creation of the necessary global and national infrastructures to ensure obligations in accordance with the IHR, including assistance to the least developed countries in building their own
Summary
Walking is the most sustainable form of transportation. It is the socially equitable, economically viable and environmentally friendly mode of transportation most accessible to the masses. Advancement in transportation technology has caused the desertion of the pedestrian spaces due to the availability of primarily motorized transport. Jacobs (1961) in her book, “The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)” advocated a vibrant urban life that promotes pedestrian activity. This seminal book emphasizes cities as social connector, a hub where people can enjoy each other and appreciate the vitality of the community. The results of the study revealed that social interaction factors and walkability among pedestrian environment factors positively influence a sense of community. These findings are in line with the New Urbanists’ belief that a high-quality pedestrian environment will enhance sense of community by increasing opportunities for interaction among neighbors
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