Abstract
The legality of establishing vessel traffic services (VTSs) in all sea areas is considered. It is concluded that, with few exceptions, such systems could be made mandatory in international, archipelagic or territorial waters subject to the regime of innocent passage and in ice-covered areas of exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Elsewhere, however--in the remaining areas of EEZs, in straits to which the regime of transit passage is to be applied, and on the high seas-- compliance with VTS systems should be voluntary.
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