Abstract

Abstract Small and large monarchies comprised ancient (antiquity to AD 711) and medieval (AD 711 to AD 1600) India. Different tiers of statehood, sovereignty, kinship, and hierarchies of suzerain-vassal relations characterized ancient and medieval India. From the least powerful Raja (king), the Maharaja (great king), Samrat (strong emperor), to the Chakravartin (emperor who ruled the entire known Indian subcontinent), ancient and medieval Indian States recognized interState norms on statehood, diplomatic relations, treaties, religious tolerance, non-use of force, neutrality, and humanitarian law. Depending on the nature of the treaty and the security of its performance, analogous to the concept of ‘unequal treaties’ → Treaties, Unequal), Indian kingdoms recognized the binding character of treaties.

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