International Intellectual Relations

Abstract. The role of American learned societies in developing support for an American colonial foreign policy has been neglected. Evidence indicates that American learned societies, in the period following the Spanish‐American War from 1898 to 1901, were intellectually predisposed toward an imperial policy. The debates within the American Historical Association, the American Economic Association, and the American Academy of Political and Social Science are described and analyzed. Each learned society abandoned the ivory tower” and mixed in impassioned politics. The “imperial” interpretation led historians to endorse empire as salutary; economists endorsed the role of the State in building markets for domestic production; and prevailing Social Darwinistic views of political economy led the Academy of Political and Social Science to support an activist, acquisitive foreign policy as necessary to the national interest. Dissident, anti imperialist scholars as well as skeptical scholars could not turn the imperial mood of these societies.

Guest Editor's and Editor's Notes Katherine Grandjean (bio) and Marion Rust I confess I have no idea how to write this note. It is January 2021. Two days ago, I learned of the death of Sarah Schuetze. She was a gifted scholar and teacher, much beloved by many people. But she was much more than that, to me. She was my friend, my guide, my sister. We met as fellows at American Antiquarian Society. I loved her immediately. She was funny and warm and snarky. She took notes by hand, in fat spiral notebooks. We sat across from each other in the reading room for months, interrupting each other, passing notes. "Finding a new friend is so funny," she said to me once. "It's kind of like falling in love." And it was. Her work was about disease, and she could tell you gnarly things about syphilis and typhoid and scurvy. She loved writing. She wrote expansively and fearlessly. She wrote long meditations on things, on texts, confident that she would find the way, and she usually did. She gave excellent advice. She listened endlessly to my research dilemmas, and she generally had very little patience for my insecurities, which helped me, always. This issue was her idea. When she told me she wanted to do this, and that she wanted me to coedit with her, I was reluctant. I knew it would be a lot of work. But Sarah's enthusiasm for things was irresistible. She liked to try new projects. Building things. Planting roses. Layer cakes from scratch. She took things on wholeheartedly, without betraying an ounce of reservation. She once threw herself a raccoon baby shower, to collect necessaries for the baby raccoons she was fostering. There was even a registry. So I said yes. And it was not easy. But this issue is a testament to her and to our friendship. It is surreal to think that she won't see it in print. The past year has been full of disruption and shock. But her death, to me, is the cruelest interruption of all. Words fail. [End Page 1] I am grateful to Sarah Schuetze, Katherine Grandjean, Linda Coombs, and the many anonymous readers who made this special issue possible. And with this first issue of the calendar year, thanks are due to several EAL editorial board members who conclude their five-year terms with volume 55: Matt Cohen (University of Nebraska–Lincoln), Paul Downes (University of Toronto), Gene Andrew Jarrett (New York University), Meredith Neuman (Clark University), and Christopher Phillips (Lafayette College). As a field, we owe you a debt of gratitude for your acumen and your generosity of spirit. I would also like to welcome our new board members: Wendy Bellion (University of Delaware), Lisa Brooks (Amherst College), Sarah Chinn (Hunter College, CUNY), Andrew Newman (Stony Brook University), and Derrick Spires (Cornell University). Thank you in advance for the unique contributions each of you are prepared to make. I look forward to working with you. [End Page 2] Katherine Grandjean katherine grandjean is an associate professor of history at Wellesley College. She is the author of American Passage: The Communications Frontier in Early New England (Harvard UP, 2015). Her essays have appeared in the William and Mary Quarterly, American Quarterly, and Early American Studies, and her work has been supported by the American Council of Learned Societies, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Antiquarian Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Philosophical Society, and others. She is currently working on a new book about the violent legacies of the American Revolution. Copyright © 2021 The University of North Carolina Press

Professor James (“Jim”) F. Crow (Figure 1) died on January 4, 2012, of natural causes in Madison, Wisconsin, two weeks before his 96 birthday. Born in Phoenixville (Pennsylvania) on January 18, 1916, Professor Crow earned a B.A. in Chemistry and Biology from Friends University in 1937 and a Ph.D. in Zoology at the University of Texas in Austin under the supervision of Professor J. T. Patterson. His dissertation was on hybridization and isolating mechanisms in the mulleri group of Drosophila. From 1941 to 1948 he taught at Dartmouth College (Hanover, New Hampshire) before moving to the University of Wisconsin (UW) in Madison, where he worked formally from 1948 as an assistant professor until his retirement in 1986 as a senior distinguished research professor and afterwards as a retired UW emeritus professor. Two weeks before he passed away he was at his UW office working on a new paper. At UW he was the main person responsible for the creation of the Laboratory of Genetics and for maintaining its high standards. Besides attracting to it an exceptionally competent group of geneticists that transformed the department into a center of international excellence (in the sixties it was considered the best genetics center in the world), he was during many years head and chair of the Genetics and Medical Genetics departments and acting dean of the Medical School. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Medicine, American Philosophical Society, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, World Academy of Art and Science, Genetics Society of America, American Society for Human Genetics, Royal Society (England), Japan Academy, Genetics Society of Japan, and Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. He was also an accomplished musician, having had formal education and training in violin and piano playing; he played viola at the Madison Symphony Orchestra, to which he belonged from 1949 to 1987 (president, 1984-1986). He was also a former president of the Madison Civic Association. It was when studying music that he met his lifelong wife Ann Crockett Crow (then a clarinet student), who died in 2001. He is survived by three children, six grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. Given his expertise in several areas of genetics, especially population genetics, human genetics, and radiation biology, since 1955 he was a scientific advisor to the National Academy of Sciences and the Congress of the United States, acting in Official Committees (in many as chair) on themes such as effects, risks, and impact of ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens, nuclear and alternative energy systems, and standardization of forensic genetic procedures. He had almost uncanny didactic and teaching skills and was regularly consulted on several issues dealing with undergraduate and graduate education policies, both at national as well as international levels. He wrote three fabulous textbooks, “Genetics Notes”, “An Introduction to Theoretical Population Genetics”, and “Basic Concepts in Population, Evolutionary and Quantitative Genetics”; more recently, he published, together with Genetics and Molecular Biology, 35, 1, 200-201 (2012) Copyright © 2012, Sociedade Brasileira de Genetica. Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br

Dr. Patrick Suppes, Lucie Stern Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Stanford, is a remarkable gentleman of many interests, truly a philosopher-scientist. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1962); the American Psychological Association (1964); and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1968). Dr. Suppes is also a member of the National Academy of Education (1965), and the National Academy of Sciences (1978), as well as a member of the American Philosophical Society (1991). Dr. Suppes has received the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Columbia University Teachers College Medal for Distinguished Service (1978) and was awarded the National Medal of Science (1990) by President George H. W. Bush. In 2003, Dr. Suppes was laureate of the Lakatos Award for his contributions to the philosophy of science. He has published extensively in philosophy and the social sciences, in particular, psychology as well as education. He is a past president of the Pacific Division, American Philosophical Association (1972–73); the American Educational Research Association (1973–74); the National Academy of Education (1973–77), and International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (1975, 1978). Patrick Suppes has made significant contributions to the philosophy of science, the theory of measurement, foundations of quantum mechanics, psychology, decision theory, and educational technology. He went to Stanford in 1952 where he continues to work today.

The American Sanskritist and linguist William Dwight Whitney (b. 1827–d. 1894) was his country’s most important professional language scholar and linguistic theorist of the 19th century. Whitney grew up in Northampton, Massachusetts, attended Williams College in that state, and for nearly three years did advanced study of “Oriental” languages in Germany at the universities of Berlin and Tübingen. In 1854 he began a long career at Yale College in Connecticut, teaching Sanskrit Language and Literature as well as modern languages, chiefly French and German. Whitney was a pillar of the American Oriental Society (established 1842), and a founder and the first president of the American Philological Association (established 1869). His research specialty was Indology: he was an expert in Sanskrit grammar. The focus of the present article, however, will be Whitney’s general linguistic thought, beginning with an overview of his ideas about language as a whole and about language prescriptivism. Then follows a description of the 18th-century sources of Whitney’s views, as well as of Whitney’s long debate with Friedrich Max Müller, who embodied all of the worst tendencies (as Whitney regarded them) of romanticist language theory. Responding to such tendencies made up a large portion of Whitney’s own theoretical output. Our discussion then considers Whitney’s legacy in three areas: (1) his influence on and critique of Neogrammarian doctrine, (2) the inspiration (both positive and negative) Whitney gave to Ferdinand de Saussure, and (3) the impetus he gave to aspects of 20th–21st-century sociolinguistic investigation, particularly by calling attention to the phenomenon of lexical diffusion. Whitney’s career as a language theorist began in 1864, with a lecture series on “The Principles of Linguistic Science” presented at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, and, in an expanded version, at Boston’s Lowell Institute. These lectures became the basis of his book Language and the Study of Language (1867), a number of short pieces gathered and republished in Volume 1 of his Oriental and Linguistic Studies (1873), and his book The Life and Growth of Language (1875). All of these writings expressed Whitney’s quintessentially Anglo-American Common-Sense realist language philosophy. His 1867 and 1875 books were translated into the major European languages, the latter work being more successful in terms of the international attention it received and its impact, particularly on the German Neogrammarians, but also due to its long use as a linguistics textbook at institutions in the United States.

Per‐Olov Löwdin curriculum vitae

Letter from the Editor George W. Boudreau This first issue of Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal is an important milestone for The McNeil Center for Early American Studies. The Center has been producing annual volumes since 1997, when a collection of essays honoring founding director Richard S. Dunn was released as a supplement to that year's Pennsylvania History. In each of the years that followed, essays collectively known as Explorations in Early American Culture appeared. These five volumes form an impressive collection of early American scholarship, drawn from the Center's Friday afternoon seminars. But as the Center has grown in recent years, and the scholarship it supports has increasingly been recognized as some of the best in the fields of early American history, literary studies, art history, and other disciplines, "a group of worthy individuals" (as Benjamin Franklin would have put it) has recognized the need for a publication appropriate to the breadth and scope of scholarship that the McNeil Center encourages. The current issue arrives just as we begin our celebration of the Center's twenty-fifth birthday. Many, many seminars have passed since Ned Landsman fielded questions at the first Philadelphia Center seminar in 1978. The years since have witnessed scores of scholarly debates on Friday afternoons, followed by the Center's signature social hour (at which all academic debate was to give way to good fellowship). Since I came to the Center in the summer of 1994, I have been struck by the learning opportunities available to those attending these seminars. Releasing some of the outstanding scholarship from those events makes this scholarship available to a much wider audience in a permanent format. The new title of the journal coincides with the start of the Center's partnership with the University of Pennsylvania Press to produce Early American Studies. Penn Press's excellent production standards are evident in the Early American Studies book series that Kathleen Brown and Daniel Richter edit. We are excited by the possibilities that this partnership opens up for the journal and its contributors. The final change to note is the expanded source of the essays for this volume. When first conceived, the McNeil journal was seen as an outlet for the impressive work presented at the Center's Friday seminars. This issue and those that follow come from that series, as well as other McNeil Center programs, including the "Salon" hosted by Michael Zuckerman, the Center Summer Series, conferences, and other programs. Many thanks are due to those who contributed to the production of this first [End Page v] issue of Early American Studies. Dan Richter, whose constant good humor is perhaps surpassed only by his good judgment, found funds for our expanded publication schedule, negotiated publication contracts, assessed articles, listened to a weary editor, and offered consistently excellent counsel on all aspects of production. His assistant, Amy Baxter Bellamy, shouldered many of the production duties in the transition from one publisher to another. At Penn Press, Eric Halpern, Erica Ginsburg, and Christopher Jack have provided greatly appreciated help in every aspect of this production. The outstanding illustrations in this volume were supplied with the assistance of Margarettha Talerman of the American Swedish Historical Museum, Susan Newton of Winterthur Museum, John Pollock of the University of Pennsylvania's special collections library, and the staffs of the Moravian Archives, American Philosophical Society Library,New-York Historical Society, Boston Public Library, American Antiquarian Society, Huntington Library, and the University of Arkansas Archives. Judy Van Buskirk took time from completing her own book to offer much-appreciated advice to the editor. The Center's editorial board did the first work of this volume, selecting the essays that would appear and then mentoring authors through the initial editorial process. Finally, my thanks go to William Pencak. My coeditor in each of the volumes of Explorations in Early American Culture, Bill planned to retire from editorial work, both for this publication and Pennsylvania History, as he began his plans for a sabbatical year at the Huntington Library. I am deeply grateful that he has agreed to stay on as senior consulting editor for Early American Studies. His experience in editing and publishing and his...

Medieval Agriculture, The Southern French Countryside, and the Early Cistercians: A Study of Forty-Three Monasteries. By Constance Hoffman Berman. Transactions of the American Philosophical Association 76:5. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1986. xiv + 179 pp. - Volume 57 Issue 3

I would like to thank Stephen Foster, Christine Heyrman, Stephen Innes, Karen Kupperman, James Muldoon, Carla Pestana, Dorothy Ross, Elizabeth Van Beek, and Conrad Wright, who read and commented on various drafts of this essay. I would also like to thank the John Carter Brown Library, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Antiquarian Society, the American Historical Association, and the National Endowment for the Humanities for their financial and institutional support. 'The text of the and Petition appears in Thomas Hutchinson, A Collection of original papers relative to the history of the colony of Massachusets-Bay, 2 vols. (Boston, 1769), 1:188-96; quotation, pp. 193-94. The other remonstrants were merchants Thomas Fowle, Samuel Maverick, David Yale, John Dand, John Smith, and Thomas Burton. Fowle and Maverick were both freemen (Maverick having been admitted in 1631 despite his Anglican affiliation); Yale, Dand, Burton, and Child were nonfreemen with kinship and business ties to Massachusetts' elite; Smith was from Providence, and therefore without standing in the Bay Colony. See George L. Kittredge, Dr. Robert Child the Remonstrant, Colonial Society of Massachusetts Transactions, vol. 21 (Boston: The Society, 1920), pp. 21-28. The full text of the Remonstrance is available via the internet through the Ohio State University History Department web page (http://www.acs.ohio-state.edu/humanities/history/histdep.html).

Mr. Kornblith is a member of the Department of History, Oberlin College, in Oberlin, Ohio. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Carol Lasser, James M. Banner, Jr., Charlotte Briggs, Michael Dieckmann, Heather Hogan, Karen Merrill, John M. Murrin, Eric Phillips, Steven J. Ross, Lynne Withey, Alfred F. Young, and the staffs of the American Antiquarian Society, Oberlin College Library, Rhode Island Historical Society Library, and Rhode Island State Archives. Funding for this study was provided by a Samuel Foster Haven Fellowship, American Antiquarian Society; a Shreve Postdoctoral Fellowship, Princeton University; an Albert J. Beveridge Grant for Research in the History of the Western Hemisphere, American Historical Association; Grants-in-Aid for Research and Development, Oberlin College; a Robert and Eleanor Biggs Fellowship in the Social Sciences, Oberlin College; and the Student Aid for Educational Quality Program, Dana Foundation.

"Warren, Robert Penn, (24 April 1905–15 Sept. 1989), writer; US Poet Laureate, 1986–87; Member of: American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters; American Philosophical Society; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Professor of English, Yale University, 1962–73, now Emeritus" published on by Oxford University Press.

In America, 1812 was an auspicious year in which found Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia-today oldest extant scientific institution in Western Hemisphere-because war against Great Britain, declared in June of that year, marked true beginning of American self-reliance. And this autonomy would be felt nowhere more strongly than in realm of natural science. Alexander Wilson, a Scottish immigrant who wrote and illustrated first book on American birds, railed against reproach of obliged apply Europe for an account and description of productions of our own (Wilson 1808, 13:3, reprint 1876). Wilson probably had in mind plants collected by John and William Bartram. Philadelphia, Wilson's home for many years, was a cosmopolitan, egalitarian, and democratic city that, in 18th century, had been called the Athens of America.' Such institutions as American Philosophical Society, New World's counterpart of Royal Society of London, and Benjamin Franklin's Library Company, first subscription library in United States, listed country's most eminent intellectuals among their members. The Pennsylvania Hospital was first of its kind in America, and College of Philadelphia (by 1812, University of Pennsylvania) had conferred first American medical degrees in 1768. A busy seaport at hub of commerce, Philadelphia was also center for artists and sculptors who displayed their works at Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. And Charles Willson Peale's museum contained not only portraits of famous Americans, but exhibits of natural and physical sciences. Philadelphia was ideal milieu in which found new institution. The seven founders2 of Academy of Natural Sciences, a doctor, a distiller, a chemist-the mineralogist Gerard Troost-and several apothecaries, among them Thomas Say (Fig. 1), who would found sciences of entomology and conchology in America, were from as many different national backgrounds: English, Irish, French, and Dutch. They were all friends who decided formalize their meetings by establishing a society to occupy their leisure, in each other's company, on subjects of natural science, interesting and useful country and world, with primary object the advancement and diffusion of useful, liberal human knowledge.3 Rooms were rented above a milliner's shop at 94 North Second Street as conversation hall, reading room, and a place deposit collections of specimens. The members agreed that society would be perpetually exclusive of political, religious and national partialities, antipathies, preventions and prejudices as adverse to interests of Science.4 Political issues, both national and international, were particularly controversial with country at war. But religious questions were no less problematic since many naturalists on both sides of Atlantic, having for most part abandoned great chain of being theory, had yet replace with satisfactory answers. Thomas Jefferson believed that mastodon still roamed western plains. In his view was impossible for one of God's creatures become extinct. One of leading French savants, Georges Cuvier, held that under God's will species were periodically wiped out by catastrophes and replaced by new and improved species (Bruce 1987:107). While Jean de Lamarck had suggested, that struggle cope with changing environment induced physical changes in individual creatures whose offspring then inherited them, thus developing better-adapted species (Bruce 1987:123). In any case, as historian George H. Daniels observes, it is

It may seem odd to review a New York social club's yearbook, with its list of members’ addresses and series of committee reports. But such books sometimes contain material of more general interest. The latest one from the Century Association, for example, devotes 250 of its 685 pages to “Century Memorials”—that is, biographical sketches of recently deceased members, written by other members. Among the well-known figures taken up in these eighty-three sketches are the artists Richard Anuszkiewicz and Robert Motherwell; the architects Henry N. Cobb and Charles A. Platt; the newspaper editors Harold Evans and Whitelaw Reid; the historians Henry F. Graff and William McFeely; the translator and literary scholar Donald Keene; the collector of literary and musical manuscripts Frederick Koch; the popular writer on Russian history Robert K. Massie; the clergyman James Parks Morton; the financier Felix G. Rohatyn; the lawyers Whitney North Seymour Jr. and Isaac N. Phelps Stokes; the literary editor Elisabeth Sifton; the university president Michael Sovern; the museum director Evan H. Turner; and the broadcast journalist Sander Vanocur. The sketches are generally well written and often richly evocative: the writers include Louis Begley, Kenneth T. Jackson, D. T. Max, and Honor Moore.The long shelf of Century volumes like this one clearly constitutes a valuable contribution to prosopographical literature. And the Century is not the only institution with such a tradition (other examples are the British Academy and the American Philosophical Society); but their publications are a frequently overlooked source, one not always available in research libraries. Unfortunately, it is also a source that seems to be diminishing: the American Antiquarian Society and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation are examples of organizations, each with a history of providing biographical information, that are no longer doing so. Of course, the great previous runs of the former's Proceedings and the latter's Reports remain (one hopes) on the shelves for those who know to look for them. A step in the opposite direction has recently been taken by the Grolier Club, which has not had such a tradition (except for two biographical volumes in 1959 and 2000): its Gazette now includes a section of memorials in each issue. This is a welcome move, but one has to regret that so little scholarly use is made of this whole body of biographical detail and reminiscence.

The Paxton Pamphlet War as a Viral Media Event Will Fenton (bio) Digital Paxton www.digitalpaxton.org As an open-access digital collection, scholarly edition, and teaching platform, Digital Paxton provides the primary-source and contextual materials necessary to explore Pennsylvania's 1764 Paxton "pamphlet war," situating that debate within a wider crisis of representation that stretches from the Seven Years' War (1756–63) to the Northwest Ordinance (1787). That crisis escalated in December 1763, when a mob of backcountry settlers from Paxton Township murdered twenty unarmed Conestoga Indians along the Pennsylvania frontier. Soon after, hundreds of "Paxton Boys" marched on Philadelphia to menace a group of Moravian Indians who had, in response to the violence, been placed under government protection. Though direct confrontation was diffused, the incident ventilated long-festering religious and ethnic grievances, pitting the colony's German and Scots-Irish Presbyterian frontiersmen against Philadelphia's English Quakers and their indigenous trading partners. Supporters of the Paxton Boys and their critics spent the next year battling in print: the resulting public debate constituted about one-fifth of the Pennsylvania's printed material for 1764.1 Central to that print debate was the role of race and religion in settler colonialism, the obligations of the governing to the governed, and the proliferation of unverifiable media, or in today's terms, "fake news."2 While John Raine Dunbar's 1957 edition of twenty-eight pamphlets, The Paxton Papers, has traditionally served as the gateway to the debate, the Paxton story cannot be fully understood through pamphlets alone.3 Digital Paxton's primary source collection therefore comprises all known pamphlets, including alternate editions and German-language translations, as well as hundreds of additional pages of broadsides, political cartoons, and correspondence.4 This expanded corpus provides a case study in viral media that feels unexpectedly urgent today. Pamphleteers mobilized anonymity and pseudonyms to amplify talking points, [End Page 593] discredit opponents, and boost legislative allies, while Paxton supporters forged unlikely coalitions by stoking fears of renewed racial violence and promising security. Surviving documents feature a trove of genre experimentation, including dialogues and epitaphs, poems and songs, and farces and satires. These forms illuminate a print culture whose multiplicity enabled innovation and idiosyncrasy, but also fragmentation and slippages of meaning. More than a collection of scanned documents, Digital Paxton furnishes interpretation and analysis by way of the latest scholarship, historiography, and pedagogy while emphasizing values central to American studies. The project's interdisciplinary imperative is embodied in its keyword essays, which include contributions from historians, literary scholars, and community leaders.5 Digital Paxton expands the corpus to encompass indigenous perspectives, embracing what the editors of the Yale Indian Papers Project have described as a "common pot" or "a kind of communal liminal space, neither solely Euro-American nor completely Native."6 To that point, Digital Paxton features forty-seven rare manuscripts from the Friendly Association Papers, including letters between Quaker leaders and their native partners, accounts of diplomatic conferences, and the writings of Wyalusing leaders.7 To support integration into secondary and postsecondary classrooms, Digital Paxton hosts pedagogical resources intended to collapse the distance between historical records and contemporary interpretation.8 Built on Scalar, an online publishing platform developed by the Alliance for Networking Visual Culture (scalar.me/anvc/), Digital Paxton pairs rich media support for digital collections with sequences of content ("paths") that narrativize those records. When visitors load the site, they automatically enter a path that guides them through interpretive historical overviews before depositing them in the digital collection itself. Scalar both provides and extends key technologies of the book. As with a book, readers can scan the index, browse the table of contents, or add annotations,9 but unlike a physical book, Digital Paxton is richly extensible, accommodates multimedia, and is fully searchable. The project supports print-quality images from a host of archival partners, including newsprint from the American Antiquarian Society, correspondence from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, congregational diaries from the Moravian Archives of Bethlehem, and never-before-digitized records from the American Philosophical Society and Library Company of Philadelphia. Polyvocal by design, Digital Paxton's interpretative materials speak to one another but can also be read as...

The Prostaglandins, Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson