Abstract
In the eighteenth century nautical charting was a wholly national activity carried out to facilitate the navigation of the nation's own men-of-war and merchantmen. Regarded as what we would today term classified material, the charts were not freely exchanged with other nations for they could aid potential enemies, either in the competitive field of overseas trade or in the strategy of fleet operations. Indeed in the Napoleonic wars marine disasters caused by natural, and often uncharted, hazards were the major cause of casualties on both sides.
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