International and National Metrology

Abstract

Metrology, the science of measurement, has evolved significantly throughout human history. Early forms of the measurements were based on human body parts, such as the foot and the hand, which were later standardized in ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Greece. With the invention of more advanced tools, such as the telescope and the microscope, measurements of astronomical and subatomic phenomena became possible. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the development of the metric system and the use of precision instruments, such as the balances and clocks, have greatly improved the accuracy of the measurements. Today, metrology continues to evolve with the use of computer technology and advanced sensors, allowing for even greater precision and automation in measurement. For that, the International System of Units (SI) plays an important role and is considered as the heart of the metrology and measurement system. Thus, it is of utmost importance to understand how the SI system is evolved historically. This system provides a standardized set of units for all types of measurements, making it easier for scientists, engineers, and researchers to communicate and share data across different countries and disciplines. One of the main benefits of the SI system is its consistency and coherence. The SI system also allows for easy updates and improvements. The current SI system is based on fundamental constants of nature; it can easily be updated to reflect new scientific discoveries or technological advancements. The historical development of the measurement system is the primary subject of the present chapter. The chapter focuses on how measurement systems have changed and grown throughout history, from the ancient scriptures to the present-day SI unit system. Various time periods have been taken into consideration as per available literature on measurement systems that show the paradigm shifts in the measurement of different quantities. Also discussed is the current state-of-the-art SI unit system. The current study would provide a succinct report on numerous metrological advancements from the prehistoric to modern eras.