Abstract
Pd/B4C multilayers with 2.5 nm of d-spacing and thick Si and B4C capping layers were fabricated to study temporal stability under storage in different environments with relative humidity of 10% and 50%. The two stored samples were investigated using grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry (GIXR), X-ray scattering (XRS), an optical microscope, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The GIXR results showed that the reflectivity of the samples under 10% humidity and 50% humidity dropped by 3% and 8%, respectively, after 13 months. The optical microscope showed that the surface of the 10% humidity sample was smooth and undamaged, whereas the surface of the 50% humidity sample significantly eroded. TEM showed that the internal multilayer structure of the sample stored in 10% humidity was well protected by the capping layers. For the sample stored in 50% humidity, a major part of the Si and B4C capping layers were wrinkled and delaminated, and some surface layers of the multilayer structure were degraded with severe diffusion of boron. The XPS results showed a relatively large amount of oxygen in the B4C capping layer of the 50% humidity sample, and an obvious oxidation of the boron was found in the B4C capping layer and the surface of the multilayer. The severe oxidation and diffusion of boron and the delamination of the capping layers caused the degradation of the Pd/B4C multilayers stored in 50% humidity.
Highlights
IntroductionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry (GIXR) measurements were performed at different times for both samples during their 13 months of storage
Despite the presence of B4C and Si protective layers, during 13 months of long-term in high in humidity conditions, a relatively large amount reactiveof oxygen atoms and ions, as storage high humidity conditions, a relatively largeofamount reactive oxygen atoms compared to the sample stored in humidity environment, slowly permeated through and ions, as compared to the sample stored in 10% humidity environment, slowly permethe first
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. X-ray monochromator is a key optical element used in synchrotron radiation light sources, astronomical telescopes, and other lab-based X-ray instruments. It can select the desired X-ray spectrum with an exact wavelength for spectroscopy, imaging, and other applications. The existing monochromators working in the hard X-ray region include crystal monochromators and multilayer monochromators. Crystals have excellent performance for narrow bandwidth and high-energy resolution, but the integral flux is limited
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