Abstract
BackgroundInterleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory cytokine, plays important roles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines that regulate trafficking of monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes to sites of inflammation. However, no studies have been reported regarding the temporal expression of these cytokines in CSF after SAH.FindingsThe concentrations of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG) in the CSF of ten patients with SAH were measured using ELISA kits over a period of 14 days. All aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation. CSF samples from patients with unruptured aneurysms were used as controls. The concentration of IL-6 significantly increased during the acute stage of the disease. The concentration of MCP-1 increased from days 1 to 5, peaking on day 3, and decreased thereafter. The concentrations of IP-10 and MIG progressively increased, peaked on day 5, and then gradually decreased. There were strong correlations between the maximum levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 and IP-10 and MIG on day 5. The maximum level of IL-6 was much higher in poor outcome patients than in good outcome patients.ConclusionsThe present investigation demonstrated that increases in IL-6 levels may induce the expression of MCP-1 in CSF after SAH, followed by increases in the expression of IP-10 and MIG. Dynamic changes in the levels of these cytokines may induce inflammation and may be closely associated with the development of delayed ischemic neurological deficits after SAH.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0675-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory cytokine, plays important roles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
The present investigation demonstrated that increases in IL-6 levels may induce the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in CSF after SAH, followed by increases in the expression of inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and MIG
No other correlations were noted with respect to the peak concentrations of IL-6, MCP-1, IP-10, and MIG (Additional file 1: Table S1)
Summary
Patients and control subjects This study included ten patients who underwent surgical obliteration of cerebral aneurysms at Aichi Medical University Hospital within 1 day of the onset of SAH. These patients, three men and seven women, ranged from 41 to 75 years of age (mean age of 57 years). After their aneurysms were clipped, cisternal catheters were placed into their chiasmatic or prepontine cisterns, and postoperative CSF samples were collected on each of the following 14 days. The Ethics Committee of Aichi Medical University approved this clinical experiment
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