Abstract
Objective Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with unfavorable outcomes secondary to injury from activation of the inflammatory cascade, the release of excitotoxic neurotransmitters, and changes in the reactivity of cerebral vessels, causing ischemia. Inflammation induced by TBI is complex, individual-specific, and associated with morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to discover the differentially expressed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins and identify which can improve the clinical outcomes in TBI patients.Methods In the present study, we reported 145 patients with TBI and found the change in patients’ leukocytes in serum and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in CSF, which strongly correlated with the neurological outcome. In terms of results of leukocytes in blood and IL-1 in CSF, we retained the patient’s CSF specimens and conducted a proteomic analysis.Results A total of 119 differentially expressed proteins were detected between samples of TBI and the normal, which were commonly expressed in all samples, indicating the differentially expressed proteins. When the patients’ Glasgow outcome score (GOS) improved, IL-1 was down-regulated, and when the patients’ GCS score deteriorated, IL-1 was up-regulated accompanied with the progression in TBI.Conclusion The differentially expressed proteins in CSF may be the novel therapeutic targets for TBI treatment. The leukocytes in blood samples and the IL-1 in CSF may be two important indicators for predicting the prognosis of TBI patients.
Highlights
Traumatic brain injuryTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both the civilian and military settings [1,2]
Like many other forms of injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an acute inflammatory response that drives, and in turn is likely driven by further damage dysfunction [3,4,5,6]
The aim of the present study was to discover the differentially expressed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins and identify which can improve the clinical outcomes in TBI patients
Summary
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both the civilian and military settings [1,2]. A previous study reported that an estimated 1.7 million people stain a TBI annually and TBI is a contributing factor to one-third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the United States [8]. Despite research leading to innovative treatments and standardized care, TBI-related morbidity remains a major cause of disability in the United States with an estimated 5.3 million people living with long-term cognitive and psychological impairments each year [2]. Improvements in post-TBI mortality have been seen in recent years, morbidity following a severe TBI remains extremely high [2,8]
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