Interferons prime the endothelium for toll-like receptor–mediated thrombin generation

Abstract

BackgroundRespiratory infection is associated with microvascular thrombus formation and marked elevation in cytokine levels. The role of cytokines elaborated by the pulmonary epithelium in thrombotic responses is poorly understood. ObjectivesOur goal was to identify cytokines of pulmonary epithelial cell origin that enhance thrombin generation in the endothelium at concentrations equal to or less than those found in the circulation during infection. MethodsWe screened multiple cytokines produced by the pulmonary epithelium for the ability to enhance toll-like receptor (TLR)–mediated endothelial thrombin generation. Effects of cytokines on tissue factor and thrombomodulin expression, cytokine selectivity for different TLRs, and prothrombotic activity of endogenous cytokines in conditioned medium from pulmonary human epithelial cells were evaluated. ResultsMIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ were tested for their ability to enhance TLR3-mediated thrombin generation on endothelial cells. Only interferons (IFNs) and TNFα promoted TLR3-mediated thrombin generation at levels that circulate during infection. IFNs robustly enhanced tissue factor expression when used in conjunction with TLR agonists and reduced thrombomodulin expression in the endothelium independently of TLRs. IFNα, which is typically elevated with viral infection, only synergized with TLR3 agonists mimicking viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In contrast, IFNγ, which is typically observed in bacterial infection, synergized more effectively with TLR4 agonists released by bacteria. Conditioned media from inflamed pulmonary epithelial cells primed the endothelium for TLR-mediated thrombin generation. Anti-IFN type I antibodies blocked this effect, indicating that endogenous IFNs prime the endothelium for TLR-mediated thrombin generation. ConclusionIFNs elaborated by the pulmonary epithelium are necessary and sufficient to enhance TLR-mediated thrombin generation.