Abstract
Deployment of practical Internet of Things (IoT) in the context of 5G can be hindered by substantial interference and spectrum limitations, especially in the unlicensed frequency bands. Due to the high density of such devices in indoor scenarios, the need for interference characterization which facilitates more effective spectrum utilization is further emphasized. This chapter studies the influence of diverse scenarios for the dense placement of interferers on the spectrum occupancy through the use of 3D interference maps for two popular IoT technologies—LoRa and Wi-Fi. The experiments are performed with software-defined radio (SDR) platforms in real time and an automated positioning tool which provides the measurements to characterize the interference in 3D space. The findings demonstrate a nonuniform character of the interference and the significant impact of fading within the width, height, and length of the examined area. They suggest the role of dynamic relocation for realistic IoT scenarios.
Highlights
Traditional wireless technologies have very limited or no practicality for providing wide area and low-powered communications due to their intensive signal processing and device output power requirements, which would lead to unacceptable energy consumption for the case of Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios
This is the main consideration behind the development of the low-powered wide area network (LPWAN) communication standards such as Sigfox, ZigBee, LoRa, Wi-Fi, etc
Modern IoT technologies show a great potential in the development of agile solutions to novel applications, which will expand the wireless communications’ scope well beyond connected computers, smartphones, and tablets to incorporate a wide range of intelligent appliances and specialized equipment in many areas of human personal and professional life
Summary
Traditional wireless technologies (such as cellular networks) have very limited or no practicality for providing wide area and low-powered communications due to their intensive signal processing and device output power requirements, which would lead to unacceptable energy consumption for the case of Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. LoRa wide area networks (WANs) are a low-power specification for IoT devices operating in the regional, national, or global networks It is frequency-agnostic and can use the 433, 868, or 915 MHz bands in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) range, depending on the region in which it is located. Many of them have been focused on multiple wireless standards’ coexistence in the license-free spectrum [18], interference mitigation, and coverage extension in the urban environment from the point of view of the overall access networks [6, 19, 20] or controlled retransmission of messages to increase the QoS by avoiding collisions [21] Such approaches will need to be supplemented by a characterization of spectrum usage, which facilitates utilization analysis and implementation of dynamic access to the shared frequency resource via cognitive radio (CR)-enabled devices.
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