Abstract
The convergence of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) and blockchain has been regarded as the new paradigm of spectrum management. Because of the inherent properties of blockchain, such as decentralization and tamper-resistance, the deployment of blockchain in future networks has advantages to address problems exposed in traditional centralized spectrum management systems, such as high security risk and low allocation efficiency. In this article, we first compare blockchain-based spectrum management with the traditional centralized approach and then present a reference architecture for blockchain-based spectrum management. In particular, we propose an interference-based consensus mechanism, which can be employed to improve transaction efficiency and reduce system overhead while promoting spectrum sharing. The proposed consensus mechanism is based on the comparison of aggregated interference experienced by each node, such that the node that suffers the most aggregated interference will obtain the accounting right as a compensation. Furthermore, to avoid harmful interference caused by spectrum traders, an interference-based transaction validation mechanism is designed to validate the spectrum transactions stored in the blocks. Different from existing transaction validation mechanisms in which every transaction needs to be validated by all nodes, a “transaction validation area” is determined for each spectrum transaction, and only the nodes located in the validation area need to validate the transaction. The simulation results show that the system fairness and nodes’ signal-to-interference-and-noise power ratio (SINR) can be improved by adopting the proposed mechanisms while reducing the system overhead.
Highlights
With the commercialization of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications, increasing numbers of wireless services are emerging
The United States President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) report [3] emphasized the need for creative thinking to address the overarching spectrum crisis in spectrum allocation, utilization and management
COMPARISON BETWEEN CENTRALIZED SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT AND BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT we review the major problems associated with traditional centralized spectrum management
Summary
With the commercialization of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications, increasing numbers of wireless services are emerging. Y. Liang et al.: Interference-based Consensus and Transaction Validation Mechanisms for Blockchain-Based Spectrum Management low spectrum allocation efficiency, there are other problems in centralized spectrum management systems, such as high security risk regarding users’ data, high maintenance costs and a lack of incentive mechanisms [4]. Advantages of blockchain-based spectrum management Distributed storage and encryption techniques are employed to ensure the security of the users’ data Various incentive methods (such as virtual currency) can be employed to award the nodes for spectrum sharing Validation mechanisms are used to validate the transactions Distributed spectrum management can effectively improve the allocation efficiency Low maintenance cost as there is no centralized database to be maintained owners can lend their spectrum and be rewarded by automatic execution of the smart contract. The spectrum transaction efficiency of blockchain-based spectrum management systems can be improved by adopting the proposed consensus mechanism. The transaction validation mechanism is designed to avoid harmful interference with other coexisting nodes
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