Abstract
The efficiency of water injection, as a conventional approach to enhance oil recovery, can profoundly be compromised due to detrimental impacts of scale formation. The present study discerns the interfacial interactions of brine with anhydrite, calcite, dolomite, and sandstone rock surfaces leading to gypsum scale formation. This was fulfilled using experimental jar tests at different salinities of 3000, 6000, and 9000 mg/L of [Ca2+] at T=363 K and P=1 atm. The interactions were also investigated using geochemical PHREEQC simulation as well as XDLVO theory. The experimental results showed that higher salinity of the brines the greater would be the mass of gypsum particles and as such, sandstone is more prone to formation of gypsum scale. Additionally, the theoretical basis of gypsum-brine-rock interactions would overwhelmingly be influenced by the Lewis acid-base energy. Consequently, the results demonstrated that decreased electron donor sub-component of surface energy of the rocks would be more influential than other surface energy sub-components which dominants the affinity of the rocks to scale formation.
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