Interfacial characteristics of multi-material SS316L/IN718 fabricated by laser powder bed fusion and processed by high-pressure torsion

Abstract

This study focuses on investigating the microstructure and mechanical properties across the interface of a multi-material, Austenitic Stainless Steel 316 L (SS316L) and Inconel 718 (IN718), fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) technique. Challenges such as distortion, porosity, and intermetallic formation are common in such structures. To address these challenges, high-pressure torsion (HPT), a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process, was employed to eliminate porosity and create a homogeneous microstructure. The samples underwent HPT with varying numbers of turns, namely quarter, half, one, five, and ten turns, at room temperature and under 6 GPa of pressure at a speed of 1 rpm. The process aimed to create ultrafine and nano-grains in the microstructure and reduce the defects. A comprehensive characterization approach was adopted to analyze the interface. The results showed reduced porosity, improved bonding, and enhanced material density through HPT. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the retention of the austenitic face-centered cubic (FCC) phase in both materials. The dislocation density reached a saturation point of 1.85 × 1015 m−2, while the crystallite size decreased to 26 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis provided insights into the microstructure, showing dislocation networks at lower torsional strain and homogenous nano-grains at higher torsional strain. Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation measurements demonstrated an increase in hardness with increasing torsional strain, with the peripheral region exhibiting rapid hardness saturation and the central region showing lower hardness due to reduced strain. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the effects of HPT on multi-material SS316L/IN718, contributing to the understanding of their interfacial characteristics and enhanced utilization of multi-materials in various engineering applications.