Inter-element linkage in 1,2- and 1,4-bis(arylselanyl)benzenes with halogens

Abstract

The criteria to distinguish the structure of halogen adducts of aryl chalcogenides in solutions based on the NMR chemical shifts are confirmed by ab initio molecular orbitals (MO) calculations based on the gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAO) theory. The criteria are applied to determine the structure of halogen adducts of 1,2-bis(phenylselanyl)benzene ( 1), 1,4-bis(phenylselanyl)benzene ( 2), and 1,4-bis( p- tert-butylphenylselanyl)benzene ( 3) ( 1· nX 2, 2· nX 2, and 3· nX 2, respectively: n=1 and 2 and X=Cl, Br, and I) in CDCl 3. The structure of 1·Br 2 is demonstrated to be trigonal bipyramidal (TB) not only in the solution but also in crystals. The TB formation of 1·Br 2 is just the opposite of the MC (molecular complexes) formation of selenanthrene with bromine in the solution. The driving force for the TB and MC formation is discussed based on the structure of the parent selenides. The structure of 2·2X 2 and 3·2X 2 is (TB, TB) for X=Cl and Br and (MC, MC) for X=I. On the other hand, the structure of 1·2Br 2 is revealed to be TB at one SeBr 2 moiety but MC for the other SeBr 2 group, which is described as (TB, MC). The bromine exchange is observed in 1·2Br 2 in the conditions of NMR measurements. The rate of bromine exchange becomes sharp as excess bromine is added to the 1·2Br 2 solution, which shows that the structural (TB, MC)⇄(MC, TB) site exchange in 1·2Br 2 is accelerated by the excess bromine and/or its derivatives. Ab initio MO calculations are performed on the adducts to understand their structural features and on the proposed intermediate to confirm the mechanism.