Abstract
Surviving and prevailing during adult development and aging is a function of many biopsychosocial factors, one of the most significant of which may be resilience. Resilience is a concept generally framed as an “alluring and deceptively simple yet complex construct that is riddled with complexities, contradictions, and ambiguities” (Kaplan, 2005; Smith & Hayslip, 2012). The American Psychological Association (APA) defines resilience as “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, and tragedy, threats, or significant stress,” or “bouncing back” from difficult experiences (American Psychological Association, 2004). The underlying assumption of the APA definition is that resilience is an active process of increasing functional effectiveness and positive adaptation in the context of substantial risks associated with adverse circumstances, and it can be used to characterize the hardiness of individuals, families, as well as social systems and communities.
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