Interdecadal Changes in Aerosol Optical Depth over Pakistan Based on the MERRA-2 Reanalysis Data during 1980–2018

Rehana Khan,Gerrit De Leeuw,Tianliang Zhao,Waheed Ullah,Kanike Raghavendra Kumar

doi:10.3390/rs13040822

Abstract

The spatiotemporal evolution and trends in aerosol optical depth (AOD) over environmentally distinct regions in Pakistan are investigated for the period 1980–2018. The AOD data for this period was obtained from the Modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis atmospheric products, together with the Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals. The climatology of AODMERRA-2 is analyzed in three different contexts: the entire study domain (Pakistan), six regions within the domain, and 12 cities chosen from the entire study domain. The time-series analysis of the MODIS and MERRA-2 AOD data shows similar patterns in individual cities. The AOD and its seasonality vary strongly across Pakistan, with the lowest (0.05 ± 0.04) and highest (0.40 ± 0.06) in the autumn and summer seasons over the desert and the coastal regions, respectively. During the study period, the annual AOD trend increased between 0.002 and 0.012 year−1. The increase of AOD is attributed to an increase in population and emissions from natural and/or anthropogenic sources. A general increase in the annual AOD over the central to lower Indus Basin is ascribed to the large contribution of dust particles from the desert. During winter and spring, a significant decrease in the AOD was observed in the northern regions of Pakistan. The MERRA-2 and MODIS trends (2002–2018) were compared, and the results show visible differences between the AOD datasets due to theuseof different versions and collection methods. Overall, the present study provides insight into the regional differences of AOD and its trends with the pronounced seasonal behavior across Pakistan.

Highlights

To evaluate the quality of the MERRA-2 aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, the data were compared with the three Aqua-Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 6 (C6).1AOD products (DB, dark target (DT), and DTB) for the years 2002–2018
The results show the overall agreement between the MERRA-2 and the three MODIS
The results show that the aerosol level increased since 1980, and the increase accelerated from the start of the 20thcentury

Summary

Introduction

With the rapid urbanization and economic growth, atmospheric aerosols and their effects on the earth’s climate system have become a growing concern over the past few decades [1]. Aerosols influence atmospheric stability and climate change directly through interaction with solar radiation and indirectly through their effects on clouds and the regional hydrological cycle [2]. They influence the atmospheric environment [3,4], surface temperature, and human health [5]. The atmospheric residence time of aerosols varies 4.0/).

Results

Discussion

Conclusion