Interconversion of α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Thin Films: Mechanisms, Morphology, and Evidence for Unexpected Substrate Participation

Abstract

The reversible transformations of thin magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) films grown on Pt(111) and Ag(111) single crystals as support have been investigated by a combined low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) study. The conversions were driven by oxidation, annealing in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), or Fe deposition with subsequent annealing. As expected, the oxidation of a Fe3O4 film yielded an α-Fe2O3 structure. Unexpectedly, the annealing in UHV also led to a transformation from Fe3O4 into α-Fe2O3, but only if Pt(111) was used as substrate. In contrast, on a Ag(111) substrate the inverse reaction, a slow transformation from α-Fe2O3 into Fe3O4, was observed, as expected for oxygen desorption. Fe deposition on α-Fe2O3 and subsequent annealing in UHV transformed the film into Fe3O4. As the most probable explanation we propose that the UHV conversion on Pt(111) supports proceeds by Fe cation diffusion through the film and Fe atom dissolution in the substrate, decreasing the Fe concentration within the iron oxide film. This process is not possible for a Ag(111) substrate. The interconversions, which were best observable in mixed films containing domains of both oxides, occurred by growth of one domain type with well-defined boundaries and growth rates.