Interconversion between single-rail and dual-rail photonic qubits

Abstract

We investigate schemes for conversion between qubits encoded into superpositions of vacuum and single-photon states and qubits encoded into states of single photons. The analyzed schemes combine linear optics, homodyne or heterodyne detection, single-photon detection, and electro-optical feedforward, and are designed to be suitable for signals with arbitrary temporal profiles. To achieve perfect conversion, quantum filtering is utilized based on conditioning on no-clicks of single-photon detectors, which makes the conversion probabilistic. High-quality conditional conversion is nevertheless possible even without single-photon detectors, by conditioning on outcomes of a homodyne or heterodyne detector. Deterministic high-quality conversion of dual-rail qubits to single-rail qubits is possible with an array of homodyne detectors where the phases of the measured quadratures are controlled by a feedforward scheme, which represents an alternative to conversion via homodyne detection with a real-time continuous feedback [T. C. Ralph, A. P. Lund, and H. M. Wiseman, J. Opt. B 7, S245 (2005)].