Interconnected hybrid AC-DC microgrids security enhancement using blockchain technology considering uncertainty

Abstract

Recently, interconnected (networked) hybrid AC-DC microgrids have been attracted lots of attentions due to both technical and economic advantages, compared to the conventional interconnected microgrids. In such a system, the DC sources, e.g., solar energies, are connected to the DC busses, while the AC sources, e.g., wind turbines, are connected to the AC busses. Hence, the entire efficiency of the system can be increased significantly. Also, it is more economical than the conventional grids due to removing power electronics interfaces that convert DC to AC power. Although there exist many advantages associated with such a system, there exist many challenges as well. For instance, the energy management of the system, from the system level perspective is more challenging since any changes in any subsystem (AC or DC parts) can potentially affect the energy management of the entire system. To this end, in this paper, a new modified sine cosine algorithm (SCA) is developed to find the optimal solution. Moreover, to increase the security of the power trading within the hybrid AC-DC networked microgrids, the blockchain technology is used and adopted. To make a realistic model, a stochastic load flow, based on copula mode has also been employed. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed blockchain-based hybrid networked AC-DC microgrid energy management framework.