Abstract
Satellite imagery has been used to monitor and assess Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), specifically, cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Erie (the USA and Canada) for over twelve years. In recent years, imagery has been applied to the other Great Lakes as well as other U.S. lakes. The key algorithm used in this monitoring system is the cyanobacterial index (CI), a measure of the chlorophyll found in cyanobacterial blooms. The CI is a “spectral shape” (or curvature) algorithm, which is a form of the second derivative around the 681 nm (MERIS/OLCI) or 678 nm (MODIS) band, which is robust and implicitly includes an atmospheric correction, allowing reliable use for many more scenes than analytical algorithms. Monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms with the CI began with the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) sensor (2002–2012). With the loss of data from MERIS in the spring of 2012, the monitoring system shifted to using NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). MODIS has bands that allow computation of a CI product, which was intercalibrated with MERIS at the time to establish a conversion of MODIS CI to MERIS CI. In 2016, ESA launched the Ocean and Land Color Imager (OLCI), the replacement for MERIS, on the Sentinel-3 spacecraft. MODIS can serve two purposes. It can provide a critical data set for the blooms of 2012–2015, and it offers a bridge from MERIS to OLCI. We propose a basin-wide integrated technique for intercalibrating the CI algorithm from MODIS to both MERIS and OLCI. This method allowed us to intercalibrate OLCI CI to MERIS CI, which would then allow the production of a 20-year and ongoing record of cyanobacterial bloom activity. This approach also allows updates as sensor calibrations change or new sensors are launched, and it could be readily applied to spectral shape algorithms.
Highlights
Blooms of cyanobacteria are generally considered a harbinger for anthropogenic eutrophication [1]
The correction factor using the pixel technique to convert from MODIST to Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) is MERISpixel = 2.76 × MODISpixel
Because water absorbs about 3-fold more at 748 nm than 709 nm, the ρ at 709 nm will be about 3× that for ρ at 748 nm, resulting in a higher value for the MERIS cyanobacterial index (CI) compared to that for MODIST
Summary
Blooms of cyanobacteria are generally considered a harbinger for anthropogenic eutrophication [1]. Massive blooms can have long durations and detrimental environmental and human health impacts [2]. Cyanobacterial blooms are often toxic and can contribute to hypoxia when the blooms senesce and increase the biological oxygen demand. These blooms have a particular affinity for warm stratified water, and as such, blooms of cyanobacteria may become more prevalent in the context of a warming climate [3]. Cyanobacteria can produce various toxins (such as microcystins, anatoxins, and saxitoxin) that pose a health risk and cause mortalities in domestic and wild animal populations [4].
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