Abstract
Abstract. The relationship between the annual wind records from a weather station and annual mean sea level in an inter-tidal basin, the Dutch Wadden Sea, is examined. Recent, homogeneous wind records are used, covering the past 2 decades. It is demonstrated that even such a relatively short record is sufficient for finding a convincing relationship. The interannual variability of mean sea level is largely explained by the west–east component of the net wind energy, with some further improvement if one also includes the south–north component and the annual mean atmospheric pressure. Using measured data from a weather station is found to give a slight improvement over reanalysis data, but for both the correlation between annual mean sea level and wind energy in the west–east direction is high. For different tide gauge stations in the Dutch Wadden Sea and along the coast, we find the same qualitative characteristics, but even within this small region, different locations show a different sensitivity of annual mean sea level to wind direction. Correcting observed values of annual mean level for meteorological factors reduces the margin of error (expressed as 95 % confidence interval) by more than a factor of 4 in the trends of the 20-year sea level record. Supplementary data from a numerical hydrodynamical model are used to illustrate the regional variability in annual mean sea level and its interannual variability at a high spatial resolution. This study implies that climatic changes in the strength of winds from a specific direction may affect local annual mean sea level quite significantly.
Highlights
Changes in relative mean sea level affect coastal areas in various ways, such as altering the risk of flooding, the evolution of barrier island systems, or the development of salt marshes, as reviewed by FitzGerald et al (2008)
In the analysis in this paper, we considered the vectorial sum of the wind energy as an explanatory factor for annual mean sea level
We find that at the Dutch coast, southwesterly winds are dominant in the wind climate (Fig. 4a), but west–east directions stand out as having the highest correlation with annual mean sea level (Fig. 6)
Summary
Changes in relative mean sea level affect coastal areas in various ways, such as altering the risk of flooding, the evolution of barrier island systems, or the development of salt marshes, as reviewed by FitzGerald et al (2008). While on shorter timescales (hours, days) there is a direct mechanistic relationship between wind forcing or atmospheric pressure and sea level (as demonstrated by the accuracy of hydrodynamical models, e.g., Zijl et al, 2013), it is not a priori clear that this signal is carried over to their annual mean values. The validity of this approach will become evident from the results.
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