Interaksi Sufisme, Ekologi dan Teologi di Era Postmodernisme: Antara wahdat al-wujûd Ibn ‘Arabi dan sûluk al-Ghazali

The construction of Islamic science constantly changes according to the unavoidable needs of its time. In the era of traditionalism, Islamic science's construction seems more normative and theological. In the era of modernism, the construction of Islamic science appears to be more empirical and sociological. Unlike the era of postmodernism, the construction of Islamic science is more holistic and integrative. With a qualitative descriptive approach, this writing aims to examine the construction of Islamic science that is holistic-integrative in higher education in the current era of postmodernism. This writing method uses library studies by reviewing various literature following the discussion. This writing produces several findings as follows. First, the era of postmodernism is an era of searching for the correct form (model) by using a "combined model" or "Islamization of science model." Second, in the era of globalization, it is impossible to avoid the development of technology and science, so efforts are needed to integrate and combine religious sciences and general sciences; further studies must continue to be carried out. With these various further studies, the right analytical tool will be found in the era of postmodernism like today.

During my clinical experience I have observed that help offered to clients and client families by mental health professionals is not always as therapeutic as we would like to believe. One of reasons our assistance is not always helpful is that clinicians often assume a stance of certainty, that is, a belief that they actually know what a client is experiencing in particular context of his or her life. The problem of certainty in social work is linked to a theoretical worldview that is firmly grounded in a modernist perspective, which favors an objective view of reality based on truths that are knowable, measurable, and predictable. This worldview has dominated Western intellectual traditions for several centuries. However, despite hold that modernist thinking has on our sensibilities, postmodern worldview is bringing to our awareness other ideas that may hold significance for social work. Although these ideas have not yet been expounded to a great extent in social work literature, influence of postmodernism is being felt in clinical arena. Postmodern social work practice also looks at culture and its central place in meaning making from a new perspective. Although attention to issues of culture and meaning has always been a part of social work, holding a position of uncertainty represents a more respectful approach to cultural difference. Another important aspect of postmodern social work is an appreciation of power and many, often subtle, ways its force can be both exerted and experienced in clinical domain. Examples of forms of power that can oppress and marginalize clients include ability of workers to disseminate information throughout a system and to initiate and maintain a pathologizing discourse, as well as ways that clients make choices to concede their power to others. These forms of power frequently go unacknowledged in clinical setting, as do many other forms of institutionalized power. This article presents a call for adoption of a therapeutic position of uncertainty so that social workers may approach their work with clients in a way that is respectful of complexity of each client's life. Relativity and Quantum Theory Awareness of problem of certainty has grown during this century with increasing recognition that objectivity is an illusion. The preeminent position that notion of objectivity has enjoyed since days of Newton first came under attack early in 20th century, when Einstein's theory of relativity challenged assumptions of Newtonian physics (Prigogine & Stengers, 1984), predicated on a measurable and therefore predictable world. Relativity theory, in challenging the illusion of absolute space and time (Gleick, 1987, p. 6), dictates that a frame of reference or a context can no longer be excluded from definition of an event. Quantum mechanics theory, in opening up subatomic world, eliminated Newton's dream of a controllable measurement process. The combination of relativity theory and quantum mechanics ushered in a new era of scientific thinking (Prigogine & Stengers, 1984). Physicists soon came to realize that observer's influence on what is being observed must be included in experiment. This idea is known as Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and this principle formalized notion that present does not predict future (Spielberg & Anderson, 1987). The uncertainty principle states that act of observing alters behavior of what is being observed (Spielberg & Anderson, 1987); it has had a great influence on development of cybernetics of observing systems (Hoffman, 1985). In field of biology, two Chilean biologists mounted their own challenge to objectivity and brought relativistic notions into domain of life sciences (Simon, 1985). All living beings, said Maturana and Varela (1987), are structurally determined. …

Purpose of the article: to determine the distinctive features of the subject of research, methodology and method of landscape studies in the state of transition from late Modern to early Postmodern (late 20th – early 21st century). Research methodology: historical and cultural analysis with the involvement of hermeneutics, philosophical comparative studies. Results. The research objects specific to postmodern landscape science are characterized: ambivalent, socially devastated, camp landscapes, anti-landscapes, landscapeoids. It is pointed out the complexity nature of the research subject of modern and future landscape science, in particular, such research phenomena as the landscape nature of subjectivity; the immanence of contradiction, paradox and absurdity in a complexity geosystem; and also on virtual landscape reality as a product of artificial intelligence. New philosophical and methodological approaches – multiculturalism and multihistoricism – are proposed. Scientific novelty: for the first time in the Ukrainian-language scientific geographical and philosophical literature, an attempt has been made to analyze the current and potential features of landscape science in the Postmodern era. Today, landscape science is in a state of transition to a new historical stage – the Postmodern era. This transition is not a “scientific revolution” in the sense of T. Kuhn, but is coupled with more profound changes that touch the very foundations of rational world perception, scientific world explanation and goal setting in the field of scientific activity – changes that have an existential and metaphysical nature, changes that associated with the transformations of the historical process on a global scale. Areas of study of landscape objects and phenomena, which were methodologically, epistemologically, and existentially inaccessible to the scientific thought of the New Age, the Modern Era, and landscape studies of the 20th century are becoming very popular. were mostly ignored. Actual and future transformations in the methodology of landscape science are also related to the introduction of paradox, contradiction, and absurdity into the scientific discourse. One of the cornerstone and already clearly visible empirical challenges to modern landscape science is the formation of virtual landscape reality. Postmodern landscape science is characterized by a movement towards the assimilation of metaphysical and discursive systems of non-European cultures of mankind (for example, the category of “Delusions” of the indigenous Australian aboriginal civilization). It should also get rid of the new European supremacy in relation to the methods of scientific and quasi-scientific world explanation by European discourses from antiquity to the 16th century. Examples here can be turning to Pythagorean numerology (O.K. Cherkashin) or the so-called eniogeography (G.I. Shvebs) when studying the landscape. As a result, profound future shifts in the landscape scientific discourse will not be dialectical, but fundamental metaphysical in nature. Perhaps this will force a person to radically reconsider his place and his own role in the landscape envelope and in history. Practical significance. A number of unusual, to some extent unusual, methodological approaches to the further development of landscape science in the 21st century have been proposed, with the fact that the very concept of development must be fundamentally rethought in all respects, primarily existential and ecological.

This thesis discusses how the interpersonal communication applied by the KKBPK extension workers in increasing the participation of men in the post-modern era towards family planning programs in the City of Parepare. The purpose of this thesis is to find out the planning and communication strategy between personal trainers of KKBPK to increase male participation, the obstacles that hinder male participation, and how the description of male participation in the post-modern era in Parepare City. This type of research is qualitative, field research (Field Research), researchers go directly to the field through observation, interviews, and documentation studies, in order to obtain clear and representative data. The results of this study indicate: (1) Interpersonal communication planning and strategy is the method used by the KKBPK Extension Officer in approaching men's participation, with interpersonal communication carried out face to face, it is easier for men to get and understand the family planning program messages conveyed. KKBPK instructor. (2) The obstacles that hinder the participation of men in the City of Parepare are the notion or perception that they still tend to hand over the responsibility for the family planning program entirely to their wives or women,psychological (worried about not optimal virility, impotence), social constraints (shame so gossip), wives who are not supportive on the grounds that the family planning program, especially vasectomy, opens up risky opportunities for men to cheat, with vasectomy it is feared that men will feel more free, "safe" -safe” if you have an affair, because the assumption is that the mistress will not get pregnant. (3) Various efforts have been made by the KKBPK Extension Officer, ranging from planning and strategy to formal (lurah, midwife) and informal (community leaders, religious leaders) approaches to increase the participation of men in the post-modern era in Parepare City.

محور مطالعات و گفتگوهای همه رشته های علوم و اجتماعی،انسان و مسائل اوست.این محوریت ، حاصل تلاشهای عده زیادی از فلاسفه و دانشمندان پس از رنسانس و به ویژه پس از دوران روشنگری به شمار می آید که در هم آمیزی با یکدیگر یکی از زمینه های اصلی پیدایی مدرنیسم را فراهم کردند.در این جا ضمن مرور وضع وشرایط در دوران مدرن،انتقادهای وارد شده از سوی پست مدرنیسم به چنین مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد.سوالات پژوهش به کمک روش تحلیل مفهوم و با مراجعه به اسناد پاسخ داده شد.بر این اساس روشن شد که دو رویکرد مدرن و پست مدرن در چهار مفهوم مهم خود ، شناخت پذیری انسان ، آزادی ، و حقوق انسانی با یکدیگر تفاوتهای گاه اساسی دارند.در پایان یافته های پژوهش برای ترسیم تصویری از در دوران نو مورد بحث قرار گرفت.

Media has an important role in influencing culture and human way of life. Over the years, the media has continued to evolve with technological developments and social changes, thus having an impact on media development theories. In media history, there are two influential theories of media development, namely the old development theory and the post-modernist era. The aim of this article is to discuss old developmental theories and the post-modernist era in media development. By conducting a discussion of the introduction of the theory, the media used, the role of technology, technological change and the impact and implications of future media development so that it can become the basis for better and more effective media development in the future. In the development of the media, the theory of old developments and the Post Modernist era has a significant influence. In conclusion, media development cannot be separated from the surrounding social, technological, cultural and consumer behavior environment. Therefore, media companies and media developers should consider these factors in the development of more responsive, personalized and relevant media in the future.

This paper look at how the transition from the modern era to the post modern era of kung saw several important factors that make a paradigm in the theology of crisis. these factors are critical of the existing paradigm, every attempt to make a paradigm shift must take into account these factors include: knowledge of science, phylosophy democracy critisme of religion social science hystory and exegesis liberation movements. hat kind of paradgm most suitable for the postmodern era kung call the four dimensions that must be emanating from post modern paradigm ie dimension alkitabiyah ecumenical and politically. in the fiedof the theology he purposed a model of postmodern theology,which he called critical ecumenical theology. this model is considered appropriate theology for the needs of inter-religious dialogue

The article is devoted to anthropological problems of the human image in the history of culture and philosophy of the twentieth century and in processes of visualization of political communication in the postmodern era. In the first part of the article, it is proposed to consider the transition from the modern era to the postmodern era in the context of the main stages in the history of the relationship between word and image, language and visuality in European culture of the XX century. The understanding of the visual image as defined by discursive practitioners and understood as a text in the semiotic paradigm of the mid-twentieth century, primarily in the works of R. Barth, is analyzed in detail. The liberation of the visual image from language discourse, which begins at the end of the last century, leads to the active development of visual anthropology, and radical changes in the reproduction technology to a change in the ways of perceiving the world. The article examines the features of the functioning of human images existing in the public space, problems of perception and modern visual communication. The second part of the article examines the tendencies of the development of political ideologies in the postmodern era. The authors describe three coordinates of system of postmodern political ideologies: the disappearance of traditional political ideologies, the revolution of technology, the political changes of the 1980s and formation of “monotonous politics”. It is shown that in the postmodern era political ideologies are forced to minimize the theoretical justification of their fundamental principles, turning instead to new visual and virtual forms of promoting their ideas. The main tendencies are change of the form of political practices, rejection of traditional methods of formulating political ideas, visualization and virtualization of the theoretical and practical components of political activity. The specific features of theatricalization of political and art activism are revealed in the article. In addition, the main aspects of modern political communication are highlighted: functionality, superficiality, and network character.

Close interaction with national laws and policies has been the major driving force for innovation in international environmental law to the point where economists have noted with some perplexity the ‘non-ergodic world’ of environmental regimes, which is subject not only to unforeseeable natural and technological changes, but also teeming with regulatory approaches that are new, often divergent, and competing. Most descriptions of the historical evolution of international environmental law distinguish three or four major ‘periods’ or ‘phases’: the ‘traditional era’ until about 1970 (preceding the 1972 United Nations Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment), which is sometimes sub-divided into a pre-1945 and a post-1945 period; the ‘modern era’ from Stockholm to the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro; and the ‘post-modern era’ after Rio. This article discusses developments in treaties during the modern era, along with developments in dispute settlement and national law, and the development of international environmental law as a discipline.

Bremsstrahlung: an experimentalist’s personal perspective on the postmodern era

This chapter traces the origin and history of international environmental law. The focus of historical research on the emergence of environment-related legal concepts, principles, and institutions has primarily been on the study and comparison of developments at the level of national law. Even so, the interface with international law is easily documented; the emergence of a body of rules of environmental ‘neighbourliness’ has long been observed in trans-frontier relations between states. Most narratives of the historical evolution of international environmental law distinguish three major ‘periods’, ‘epochs’, or ‘phases’: the ‘traditional era’ until about 1970 (that is, preceding the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm); the ‘modern era’ from Stockholm to the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (UNCED); and the ‘post-modern era’ from Rio onwards. Ultimately, a striking feature of traditional international environmental law was its territoriality. One much-neglected aspect in this context has been the extraterritorial application of multilateral environmental agreements.

This article seeks to demonstrate the importance of the integration of specific cultural traits of Indian consumers on their buying behaviour. It offers better and more comprehensive insights into the factors that affect the buying behaviour of Generation X, Y and Z consumers. Through a conceptual framework, this article tries to bridge the gap between the Indian consumers’ perceptions and their actual buying behaviour. The study reported in this article also identifies the ‘influencers’ and ‘intermediaries’ of consumer behaviour for Generation X, Y and Z consumers. Participation and observation techniques were used to collect data from 14 Indian consumers. The analysis of data offered new empirical insights into Indian consumers. This article puts forward a conceptual framework of the impact of Indian culture on consumer behaviour for two settings—modern and postmodern era—that can be used by management practitioners for formulating their strategies regarding their product and promotion.

The purpose of this article is to chronicle theoretical developments and clinical trends that have emerged in profession of marriage and family therapy in recent years, an historical period so marked by transition and new ways of seeing world that popular press has dubbed it Postmodern era. On simplest level, transition from recent modern era to postmodern era is marked by a flagging societal belief in one absolute, fixed reality for all people and an increasing acknowledgment that our culture embodies an infinite variety of equally valid ways to view world (Anderson, 1990). Gone for increasing numbers of people are fixed standards that have historically divided right from wrong, decent from indecent, noble from savage. Family values, for increasing numbers of people, are less rooted in sacred principles of church and community than in a very private mix of personal, situational beliefs. The evolution of family therapy has been tremendously influenced by this postmodern environment in two ways. First of all, families are changing, partly due to increased prevalence of divorce and remarriage during last 20 years. Currently, over half of first marriages end in divorce, and projections show a full 67% of all recent first marriages may dissolve (Martin & Bumpass, 1989). Only half of all children living in U.S. will reach 18 having lived continuously with both biological parents (Furstenberg, Nord, Peterson, & Zill, 1983). Family diversity is evident in other ways as well; societal strictures have eased regarding gay and lesbian families, cohabitating families, bi-racial families, and a host of other family definitions. American society's idea of family and what constitutes family is seemingly open to new interpretation, and family therapists must recognize multiple perspectives as a matter of course. Secondly, over last decade, theories explaining how reality is processed, or how we come to know what we know, have seized imagination of family therapists and given field a rich metaphorical context for working with families in postmodern era. The most influential of these theories, second-order cybernetics, constructivism, and finally, social constructionism, have radically influenced current practice of family therapy. We will briefly discuss these theories, their common respect for language as medium of change, and then show how they are represented in four influential approaches to family therapy. POSTMODERN THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT Second-Order Cybernetics In early to mid-1980s, family therapists began to strain against basic cybernetic model (Weiner, 1948, 1961) that had informed work in field since 1960s. The original cybernetic model, sometimes referred to as first cybernetics or Post-order cybernetics, grew out of communication engineering and computer science and offered a coherent explanation of how systems of all kinds are regulated. Defined by Sluzki (1985) as the science of patterns of organization (p. 26), cybernetic model was useful for family therapists as a way to conceptualize how families (as systems) maintain their organization. This was a technical paradigm, and families were assumed to follow a discernible and disruptible pattern of self-correction which therapist, as an outside observer, could adjust through skillful and informed intervention. During 1980s, largely through influence of Chilean biologist Humberto Maturana's work in mechanics of perception, this traditional way of thinking about role of family therapist as a social-science engineer came into serious question. Maturana, writing with cognitive scientist Francisco Varela (1980) and other thinkers such as cybernetician Heinz von Foerster (1981), strongly challenged idea of objective observer. They postulated that we process information internally, and, therefore, reality as we know it is a construction of our own private and idiosyncratic way of organizing information rather than an accurate and universally true representation of what is out there. …

The findings of a study which I carried out together with a team of researchers suggests that the Malay-Muslim community in Malaysia is losing their religious identity within the wave of globalization, and there is fear that their grip on religious values will continue to loosen, and in today's moral climate, may no longer be salvageable. It is therefore adamantly suggested that all parties - be it the government, the community and the family - realign their focus on religious education, with particular emphasis on the Quran, creed and morality. Religious education needs to be embedded in a serious and systematic manner at all levels of society in a bid to provide them with spiritual ammunition to deal with negative factors that have come about as a result of continuous waves of globalization which bring with it values that are inconsistent with Islam (Zakaria et al. 2003: 58-59).The worries of the Malay-Muslim community in Malaysia are valid and sensible given various negative factors brought about by globalization, which, if left untended to, would result in an ummah that would lose, or at least be at risk of losing, their Islamic identity. This can be clearly proven through a careful analysis of the impact of globalization all over the world, which at the moment is progressing at a rapid pace. It would not be inaccurate to say that there is no longer a vacuum on the planet that has not been touched by this wave.However, in efforts to analyse the main factors behind the wave of globalization, it needs to be understood that globalization itself is a product and a factor of post-modernism (Abdul Rahman 2000a: 38; Hawke 2010: 1), developed especially as a tool to enable the spreading of postmodernist thought. Postmodernism itself can be seen as the ideology and culture behind the globalization movement (The Free Arab Voice 2000: 1). Therefore, in this context, the idea of postmodernism and postmodernist thought needs to first be elaborated upon in order to aid the understanding of the globalization phenomenon.PostmodernismThe world today is undergoing an era of postmodernism. In its most basic sense, the arrival of this era marks the end of the modern era. However, this new era cannot be viewed through merely chronological lenses as an extension of the modern era, but it also refers to a new philosophy - even though there are parties who prefer to view it as a narration of a Western mindset and as a specific mode rather than a philosophy (Wade 2002: 1) - which brings with it a world view, thought, values and a lifestyle that is named postmodernism or postmodernist thought (Hoffman 2008: 1-2).The English term postmodernism was conceptualized by the renowned British historian Arnold Toynbee in the late 1940s, but it was only widely used in the 1970s, especially by Charles Jencks, an American literary theorist and critic, in his efforts to explain the anti-modernist movement in literature. It first entered the philosophical glossary in 1979 with the publication of The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, by Jean-Francois Lyotard. Lyotard was one of the earliest thinkers who extensively wrote on postmodernism as a wider cultural phenomenon. Postmodernism began to emerge as an academic field in the mid-1980s (Ward 2011: 1; Klages 2003: 1; Aylesworth 2005: 1).The emergence, use and development of the term and the field of postmodernism in the West took a mere four decades, during which it has strengthened until it has become an academic discipline - despite contradictions and differences in the viewpoints of scholars. Therefore, from a historical perspective, even though there are still differing views as to when it actually began (Klages 2003: 1)-the postmodern era could be seen as emerging from the modern era in the late 1940s, or as suggested by Louis Hoffman (2008: 1-2) in his paper Premodernism, Modernism and Postmodernism: an Overview that postmodernism itself began in the 1950s until today, thereby suggesting that the 1950s was seen to be the transition period during where all that was modernist became dominated by postmodernism. …

Writing, Paper and Law. Concerning the Transition in Storage Media in the Modern and Postmodern Eras - a Sketch. At present, certain fields of law experience a media transformation, which is well underway. As at the threshold of the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern era, the transfer of money and payment plays a leading role. But what is, intrinsically, this media transition? Legal history proofs that principles of the written form had taken effect already in the ancient world rather than only in the Early Modern era. The invention of letterpress printing was neither cause nor trigger of the written form, while influencing the theory of the close of writing: The “demise of writing” is not to be expected, as the current transition does not concern the writing itself but rather the storage medium. New legal development stems from the emancipation of writing from paper. Today, the role of the printed book in the future, or whether there will still be bank notes, or bank statement printers, and how notaries will certify marriage contracts, or last wills, or company agreements, is uncertain. Surely, the “materiality” of paper has a wider time horizon than electronic storage media. Paper can be restored. It stays without continuous new formatting. As for literacy, the enhancement of the mobile phone on keyboards and screens (“the eye’s victory over the ear”) is also a victory of writing over the spoken word. Therefore we may expect paper to stay important, but within a diversification of information storage media.