Abstract
BackgroundPreterm newborns can be exposed early to significant perinatal stress, and this stress can increase the risk of altered socioemotional development. Sustained social withdrawal in infants is an early indicator of emotional distress which is expressed by low reactivity to the environment, and if persistent, is frequently associated with altered psychological development. Infants born prematurely have a higher probability of developing sustained social withdrawal (adjusted odds ratio 1.84, 95% CI 1.04-3.26) than infants born full term, and there is a correlation between weight at birth and sustained social withdrawal at 12 months of age.ObjectiveThe aims of this study are to compare the effect of the interactive guidance intervention to that of routine pediatric care on sustained social withdrawal in infants born moderately or late preterm and to explore the relationship between sustained social withdrawal in these infants and factors such as neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization variables, parental depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms.MethodsThis study is designed as a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Moderate and late preterm newborns and their parents were recruited and randomized (1:1 allocation ratio) to control and experimental groups. During neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization, daily duration of skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and parental visits were recorded. Also, a daily score for neonatal pain and painful invasive procedures were recorded. After discharge from neonatal intensive care, for the duration of the study, both groups will attend follow-up consultations with neonatologists at 2, 6, and 12 months of age (corrected for gestational age) and will receive routine pediatric care. Every consultation will be recorded and assessed with the Alarm Distress Baby Scale to detect sustained social withdrawal (indicated by a score of 5 or higher). The neonatologists will perform an interactive guidance intervention if an infant in the intervention group exhibits sustained social withdrawal. In each follow-up consultation, parents will fill out the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the modified Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire, and the Impact of Event Scale–revised.ResultsRecruitment for this trial started in September 2017. As of May 2020, we have completed enrollment (N=110 infants born moderately or late preterm). We aim to publish the results by mid-2021.ConclusionsThis is the first randomized controlled trial with a sample of infants born moderately or late preterm infants who will attend pediatric follow-up consultations during their first year (corrected for gestational age at birth) with neonatologists trained in the Alarm Distress Baby Scale and who will receive this interactive guidance intervention. If successful, this early intervention will show significant potential to be implemented in both public and private health care, given its low cost of training staff and that the intervention takes place during routine pediatric follow-up.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03212547; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03212547.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/17943
Highlights
BackgroundIn infants in the normal range of development, skills to engage with caregivers such as initiating and maintaining eye contact, vocalizing, using facial expressions, and using body movements, emerge during the first two months after birth [1,2]
We aim to publish the results by mid-2021. This is the first randomized controlled trial with a sample of infants born moderately or late preterm infants who will attend pediatric follow-up consultations during their first year with neonatologists trained in the Alarm Distress Baby Scale and who will receive this interactive guidance intervention
Infants can display social withdrawal behaviors as a reaction to minor transient perturbations when interacting with caregivers or when agitated or tired; infants are usually able to reengage as soon as they regain the full attention of the caregivers [4,5,6]
Summary
BackgroundIn infants in the normal range of development, skills to engage with caregivers such as initiating and maintaining eye contact, vocalizing, using facial expressions, and using body movements, emerge during the first two months after birth [1,2]. Infants can display social withdrawal behaviors as a reaction to minor transient perturbations when interacting with caregivers or when agitated or tired; infants are usually able to reengage as soon as they regain the full attention of the caregivers [4,5,6] In contrast with this adaptive social withdrawal behavior, sustained social withdrawal is significantly less common and reflects a sustained decrease in engagement during interactions and a sustained decrease in reactivity to the environment [7,8]. Sustained social withdrawal in infants is an early indicator of emotional distress which is expressed by low reactivity to the environment, and if persistent, is frequently associated with altered psychological development. Infants born prematurely have a higher probability of developing sustained social withdrawal (adjusted odds ratio 1.84, 95% CI 1.04-3.26) than infants born full term, and there is a correlation between weight at birth and sustained social withdrawal at 12 months of age
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