Abstract

Saline soil is one of the common environmental issues that negatively affects the soil quality of agricultural lands. It reduces the plant growth and productivity worldwide. Soil Salinity and sodicity affecting land about 1128 million hectares globally determined by recent researches. The most important salt-sensitive cereal crops in the world are Maize (Zea mays L.) For food security, its need of hour to securing attainable production of maize crop in the salt affected soils. To reduce negative impacts of saline soil on plant growth, sustainable approaches such as organic amendments like press mud and inorganic amendments like silicon can be applied. For increasing crop productivity, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) which are salt-tolerant in saline agriculture can also be applied. In this book chapter interactive effect of different organic and inorganic amendments and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to reduce salinity stress on maize has been discussed.

Highlights

  • Under saline soil plant growth is negatively affected by osmotic effects and hormonal imbalance

  • Researchers determined that poultry manure, farmyard manure (FYM), crop residues as compost are being used for the addition of nutrients in the soil

  • Plants inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have showed high concentration of K+ which led to high Na+/K+ ratio and improved tolerance towards salt stress [99–101]

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Summary

Introduction

In the Arid and semi-arid areas salt affected soil poses immense threats to the agriculture industry worldwide [1]. Due to high concentrations of Na+ and Cl− in the plant, Sodium chloride can reduce crop productivity by making the roots water uptake more difficult that can cause plant toxicity [8]. Under saline soil plant growth is negatively affected by osmotic effects and hormonal imbalance It causes nutritional disorder and specific ion toxicity [13]. In saline soil a diversity of salt-tolerant PGPR such as Azospirillum, Burkholderia, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Acetobacter and Bacillus have been applied These are tested for promoting plant growth under salt stress [30, 31]. It has been demonstrating by different researches that use of PGPR is a beneficial approach to increase plant performance in saline soil [32, 33]. It can release more calcium for sodium exchange [42] Application of press mud is very effective in reclaiming saline sodic soils [43, 44]

Impact of soil salinity on plant growth and development
Impacts of soil salinity on rhizosphere microbial diversity
Organic matter
Biochar
Exogenous application of sulfur
Use of silicon nutrition to alleviate the salt stress in maize
Reduced Na+ uptake by plant roots due to Si application
Stimulation of antioxidant defense system in crops
Role of PGPRs in alleviation of salinity stress in maize crop
Enhanced root proliferation and plant vigor
Phytohormones produced by bacteria
Role of PGPR as a sink for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)
PGPR-mediated ion homeostasis
Accumulation of osmolytes
Antioxidative enzymes
Ameliorating effects of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)
Enhancement of plant nutrient uptake
PGPR-mediated disease suppression
Silicon and PGPR to mitigate salt stress in maize
Findings
Conclusion
Full Text
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