Interactions with oral contraceptives

Abstract

The interaction of a range of different factors with the pharmacologic activity of oral contraceptives is reviewed. Pharmacokinetic interactions with oral contraceptives may occur (1) during absorption and extrahepatic circulation, (2) by interfering with protein binding, and (3) during hepatic metabolism. The hepatic mixed function oxidase system, which is mainly responsible for the metabolism of oral contraceptives, is affected by several different factors and is easily induced. Nutrition affects the activity of many drugs, but information regarding oral contraceptives is meager. Both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions, which may be synergistic or antagonistic, between the estrogen and gestagen components of oral contraceptives, are important, but there is no correlation between the rate of metabolism of the two components. Evidence suggests that some anticonvulsant, antibiotic, and antibacterial drugs may reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives. Instances of interactions of other therapeutic agents are reported infrequently. The incidence of serious interactions is low and does not appear to have been reduced with low-dose oral contraceptives, probably because of large intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives.