Abstract
Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is scientifically proven immunomodulatory drug being used for centuries. Ancient literature reported that inter-specific interactions change medicinal properties of TC. Thus, the current study is aimed to understand the influence of interspecific biotic interactions on chemo-profiles of TC. To explore it, TC samples collected from six co-occurring plants, i.e. Azarditchita indica, Acacia nilotica, Albezia lebbeck, Ficus benghalensis, Tamarandus indica and Acacia leucophloea were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Mass data were subjected to multivariate analysis. Support vector machines (SVMs) was found to be best classifier (r2 < 0.93). Data analysis showed the specific compounds in all TC due to inter-specific interactions. Data were further analyzed with SNK post-hoc test followed by permutative (n = 50) Bonferroni FDR multiple testing correction. The compound without any missing values reduced the number of variables to 133 (p < 0.01). Statistical analysis revealed that TC having interactions with A.lebbeck and A. nilotica formed the most distant groups. However, TC co-occurred with A. indica showed the highest number of up-regulated metabolites, including jatrorrhizine, chrysin, peonidin, 6-methylcoumarin and some terpenoids. Some metabolites, including jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine were quantified to confirm the accuracy of qualitative analysis. Results demonstrated the influence of inter-specific biotic interactions on TC chemo-profiles, hence its medicinal properties.
Highlights
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, a climbing shrub of the family Menispermaceae, is a well known Ayurvedic medicinal herb with different names including rasayana, amrita, nectar of immortality and heavenly elixir
Total ion current chromatograms (TIC) of all the groups, i.e. control, A. indica (AIN), ALL, ALC, A. nilotica (ANI), TMI, and FBG were acquired in positive ion polarity mode
To explore the chemoprofiles of T. cordifolia climbed on different trees, a simple but efficient HPLC-QTOF-MS based method was used
Summary
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, a climbing shrub of the family Menispermaceae, is a well known Ayurvedic medicinal herb with different names including rasayana (to purify the blood), amrita (to bring the dead back to life), nectar of immortality and heavenly elixir. Our lab has documents that phytochemical constituents (i.e. tinosporaside) were significantly higher when T. cordifolia co-occured with A. indica[9] These studies indicate that the medicinal properties of T. cordifolia are affected by interspecific interactions with other plants. The available biomarker for quality control of T. cordifolia doesn’t seem to be sufficient and reliable due to variations in chemicals as result of its geographical location, climate and biotic interactions with higher plants. To eplore the chemo-profiles of T. cordifolia and to identify reliable biomarkers, a highly sophisticated tool, high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) has been used This tool provides high mass accuracy and resolution of mass fragments but can yield empirical chemical www.nature.com/scientificreports/. Study was focused to explore the changes in the chemoprofiles due to interspecific interactions of T. cordifolia co-occurred with other higher plants
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